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NEW  CITIZENS 

A  *T*  Roberts  on 


"D 


The  New  Citizenship 


Books  by 
PROF.  A.  T.  ROBERTSON 

The  Pharisees  and  Jesus.    In  press. 

The  New  Citizenship :  The  Christian  Facing  a  New 

World  Order. 
Making  Good  in  the  Ministry :    A  Sketch  of  John 

Mark.    Second  Edition. 
Paul's  Joy  in  Christ :  Studies  in  Philippians.    Second 

Edition. 
The  Divinity  of  Christ  in  the  Gospel  of  John.    Third 

Edition. 

Studies  in  the  New  Testament.    Many  Editions. 
Practical  and  Social  Aspects  of  Christianity :    The 

Wisdom  of  James.     Second  Edition, 
A  Grammar  of  the  Greek  New  Testament  in  the 

Light  of  Historical  Research.    Third  Edition. 
A  Short  Grammar  of  the  Greek  New  Testament. 

Fourth  Edition. 
The  Glory  of  the  Ministry :    Paul's  Exultation  in 

Preaching.     Third  Edition. 
John  the  Loyal :    A  Study  of  the  Ministry  of  John 

the  Baptist.     Popular  Edition. 
Commentary  on  Matthew.  Bible  for  Home  and  School. 
Epochs  in  the  Life  of  Paul.    Popular  Edition. 
Epochs  in  the  Life  of  Jesus.     Popular  Edition. 
Keywords  in  the  Teaching  of  Jesus. 
Syllabus  for  New  Testament  Study.    Fourth  Edition. 
The  Students'  Chronological  New  Testament. 
Teaching   of  Jesus    Concerning   God  the    Father. 

Teaching  of  Jesus  Series. 

Life  and  Letters  of  John  A.  Broadus.  Popular  Edition. 
Critical  Notes  to  Broadus'  Harmony  of  the  Gospels. 

Eighth  Edition. 


The  Christian  Facing 
a  New  World  Order 


By 
A.  T.  ROBERTSON,  M.A.,  D.D..  LL.D. 

Professor  of  New  Testament  Interpretation 

Southern  Baptitt  Theological  Seminary 

Louisville,  Ky. 


Thy  will  be  done, 

As  in  Heaven, 

So  on  Earth. 


NKW  YORK  CHICAGO 

Fleming     H.     Revell     Company 

LONDON  AND          EDINBURGH 


:• 


Copyright,  1919,  by 
FLEMING  H.  REVELL  COMPANY 


New  York:  158  Fifth  Avenue 
Chicago:  17  North  Wabash  Ave. 
London :  21  Paternoster  Square 
Edinburgh:  75  Princes  Street 


To 
MT  CHILDREN 


Preface 

CHRIST  brought  hope  to  a  discouraged 
world.  The  Jews  still  cherished  the 
Messianic  hope,  but  they  interpreted  it 
in  terms  of  Jewish  nationalism,  a  Pharisaic 
kingdom  imposed  upon  all  the  Gentiles  by  force 
of  arms  and  divine  power.  For  most  men  the 
Golden  Age  was  in  the  past.  The  glory  of 
Greece  was  gone.  The  Roman  Republic  was 
an  iridescent  dream.  The  great  philosophers 
were  in  the  past.  The  iron  heel  of  the  Roman 
conqueror  was  everywhere.  The  spirit  of  men 
was  broken.  But  Jesus  boldly  proclaimed  the 
advent  of  the  Kingdom  of  God  when  the  will 
of  God  would  be  done  on  earth  as  in  heaven. 
That  hope  has  lived  on  and  lives  yet.  Augustine 
pictured  his  City  of  God.  Others  to-day  expect 
no  improvement  on  earth  till  Jesus  comes  to  set 
up  a  literal  reign  of  a  thousand  years  on  earth. 
The  hope  dwindled  into  a  distant  mirage  in  the 
desert  in  Sir  Thomas  More's  Utopia.  Socialism 
had  stirred  new  visions  in  the  minds  of  many 
before  the  cataclysm  of  August,  1914.  Four 
years  of  carnage  have  turned  the  world  once 

7 


8  PEEFACE 

more  to  Christ  as  the  hope  of  the  race.  Chris- 
tians have  been  compelled  to  face  the  tremen- 
dous issues  of  the  conflict  in  the  light  of  the  Cross 
of  Christ.  The  present  book  is  the  reaction  of 
the  author's  own  mind  to  the  new  situation  due 
partly  to  a  month  with  the  Y.  M.  C.  A.  Army 
school  for  secretaries  at  Blue  Ridge,  North  Caro- 
lina. The  old  world  passed  away  when  Belgium 
took  her  stand  in  front  of  the  Kaiser's  hosts. 
Modem  history  began  on  that  day.  Everything 
is  in  the  crucible  and  many  earnest  people  have 
seen  only  chaos.  Victory  has  crowned  the 
armies  of  America  and  her  Allies.  The  new  day 
has  dawned  for  which  we  toiled  and  prayed. 
World-peace  has  come.  But  the  fight  against 
wrong  has  only  begun.  The  task  before  us  now 
is  to  apply  the  same  energy  and  organization  to 
the  destruction  of  foes  in  the  home  camp,  some 
of  them  old  foes  with  new  faces.  King  Alcohol 
has  been  dethroned.  He  must  never  regain  his 
crown.  Disease  and  crime  must  not  stalk 
abroad  unchecked.  We  must  learn  how  to 
function  as  citizens  at  home  as  efficiently  as  the 
boys  in  khaki  fought  as  soldiers  in  France.  The 
reign  of  the  pot-house  politician  with  his  graft 
and  his  greed  is  over.  The  opportunity  for  in- 
telligent Christian  citizenship  is  at  hand.  Amer- 
ica is  a  city  set  on  a  hill  these  days  seen  of  all 


PEEFACE  9 

men.  The  eyes  of  the  world  are  turned  upon 
us.  We  must  clean  up  our  house  and  keep  it 
clean  if  we  are  to  lead  the  nations  of  earth  in  the 
paths  of  peace  to  God  and  righteousness.  Mob 
rule  in  Georgia  is  as  heinous  as  in  Russia.  We 
must  walk  humbly  before  God  and  men  and  deal 
justly  with  men  of  all  races  and  all  lands. 

A.  T.  R. 

Louisville,  Ky. 


Contents 

I.  THE  LEADERSHIP  OF  JESUS    .        .        .13 

II.  THE  BROTHERHOOD  OP  THE  RACE          .      32 
HI.  DEMOCRACY'S  DAY        ....      46 

IV.  MEN,  NOT  MONEY        ....      56 

V.  WOMAN  THE  NEW  CITIZEN    ...      66 

VI.  CHILDREN  THE  TRUE  NATIONAL  WEALTH     77 

VII.  THE  ENLIGHTENMENT  OF  THE  MASSES    .      87 

VIII.  COOPERATION  IN  THE  COMMONWEALTH  .       99 

IX.  JUSTICE  vs.  PRIVILEGE         .        .        .    109 

X.  ORDER  vs.  LAWLESSNESS       .        .        .120 

XI.  PATRIOTISM  vs.  PACIFISM      .        .        .     1 34 

XII.  THE  NEW  SOCIAL  ORDER     .        .        .145 


zi 


I 

THE  LEADERSHIP  OF  JESUS 

"  All  authority  hath  been  given  unto  me  in  heaven  and 
on  earth." — Matt.  28  :  iS. 

x.    The  Immensity  of  Christ's  Claim. 

IT  is  doubtful  if  even  yet  we  quite  grasp  the 
full  scope  of  the  words  of  Jesus  in  Matthew 
28  : 18.  Modern  critics,  forsooth,  challenge 
the  genuineness  of  this  logion  of  Jesus  because 
of  the  very  sublimity  of  the  claim.  But  the  pas- 
sage has  not  been  successfully  contested  by  criti- 
cism. It  is  virtually  the  same  as  that  in  Matthew 
ii :  27  and  Luke  10:22  (therefore  the  Q  of  criti- 
cism and  one  of  the  oldest  sources).  The  "  all 
things  "  of  Luke  is  in  Matthew  28: 18  simply  ex- 
panded into  "  in  heaven  and  upon  earth."  It 
did  seem  preposterous  for  even  the  Risen  Jesus 
to  make  such  a  boast  if  one  thought  only  of  hu- 
man agencies.  He  made  it  in  the  presence  of 
some  five  hundred  believers  (i  Cor.  15:6), 
some  of  whom  doubted  the  reality  of  His  resur- 
rection, while  the  rest  worshipped  Him  (Matt 
28:17).  He  had  asserted,  as  reported  in  the 
Fourth  Gospel,  that  He  was  the  light  of  the 


14  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

world  (John  8:12),  but  even  His  enemies  had 
not  taken  this  in  a  political  sense.  Jesus  had 
expressly  said  to  Pilate  that  His  kingdom  was 
not  of  this  world  else  His  servants  would  fight  to 
prevent  His  death  (John  18 : 36).  Peter  had  used 
the  sword  against  Malchus  to  defend  Jesus  from 
arrest  in  the  garden  of  Gethsemane,  but  Jesus 
made  him  put  up  his  sword  (John  18 : 10  f.). 
And  yet  Jesus  boldly  claimed  to  have  power 
over  Pilate  (John  19  :  n)  to  the  bewilderment  of 
that  official.  The  disciples  who  knew  that  Jesus 
was  risen  from  the  dead  accepted  Him  as  the  Mes- 
siah, the  Son  of  God,  and  were,  no  doubt,  willing 
to  admit  His  claims  to  "  all  authority  in  heaven." 
It  has  been  more  difficult  for  Christians  to  allow 
that  Jesus  has  "  all  authority  on  earth,"  except 
in  spots.  Indeed,  many  devout  Christians  deny 
the  potential  authority  of  Christ  on  earth.  They 
draw  a  sharp  line  of  cleavage  between  things 
sacred  and  things  secular.  They  do  not  recog- 
nize the  power  of  Jesus  in  certain  sections  of 
their  own  lives  as  in  politics  and  in  business. 
The  lamentable  experience  of  men,  when  Church 
and  State  were  united,  has  had  much  to  do  with 
this  sensitiveness  about  mixing  religion  and 
politics.  Preachers  are  usually  warned  to  keep 
their  hands  off  of  politics  and  business,  about 
both  of  which  they  are  assumed  to  be  ignorant 


THE  LEADBESHIP  OF  JESUS  15 

And  yet  Jesus  taught  His  disciples  to  pray,  "  Thy 
kingdom  come,  Thy  will  be  done,  as  in  heaven, 
so  on  earth."  But  the  Kingdom  of  God  itself 
has  been  confined  in  our  minds  to  purely  spiri- 
tual affairs  and  has  almost  been  relegated  to 
heaven.  The  will  of  God  on  earth  is  treated  as 
purely  hypothetical  and  chimerical  if  taken 
seriously.  The  result  has  been  that  we  have 
practically  ruled  Christ  out  of  a  large  part  of  our 
life  whereas  He  asserts  authority  over  all  of  it. 
It  is  this  divided  fealty  that  makes  the  language 
of  Jesus  seem  unreal  and  visionary.  Certainly 
Jesus  did  not  prescribe  forms  of  government  for 
men.  He  did  not  outline  details  and  rules  of 
business,  but  He  clearly  claimed  power  over  the 
whole  life  of  man  including  the  State. 

This  is  not  saying  that  the  Church  has  power 
over  the  State ;  very  far  from  it.  But  Jesus  is 
Lord  of  heaven  and  earth.  He  is  King  of  kings 
and  Lord  of  lords.  He  brings  all  rule  and  gov- 
ernment under  the  sway  of  His  will  and  of  His 
love.  If  this  is  true,  the  German  doctrine  that 
the  State  is  above  law  and  right  falls  to  the 
ground.  It  is  not  the  pope  who  has  power  over 
kings  and  presidents,  but  Jesus  Christ  God 
holds  all  rulers  to  strict  account  to  moral  prin- 
ciple and  righteousness.  Nations  are  not  above 
God.  They  cannot  by  fiat  make  wrong  right. 


16  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

Might  is  not  right,  but  right  is  might  We  have 
no  right  to  claim  to  be  a  Christian  people  in  any 
sense  unless  we  are  willing  to  follow  the  leader- 
ship of  Jesus.  We  praise  Jesus,  but  fear  to  fol- 
low Him.  If  we  follow  Him,  we  shall  have  to 
change  many  things  and  suffer  much  inconve- 
nience. Do  we  admit  the  lordship  and  the  leader- 
ship of  Jesus  to  our  whole  life  here  on  earth, 
here  and  now  as  citizens  of  the  United  States  of 
America?  That  question  confronts  us  at  the 
very  start  of  our  inquiry.  President  W.  H.  P. 
Faunce  quotes  a  Chinese  official  who  said  of 
Jesus,  "Provincial  by  birth,  mechanic  by  trade ; 
.  .  .  never  was  one  worse  equipped  to  found 
a  commonwealth  "  ("  Religion  and  War,"  p.  44). 
But  Jesus  is  the  wisdom  of  God  and  confounds 
to-day  all  the  worldly  schemes  of  men. 

2.    The  Program  of  Jesus  for  World  Dominion. 

It  is  clear  that  Jesus  has  a  program  for  world 
rule,  though  some  scholars  deny  it.  Men  like 
Schweitzer  ("  The  Quest  of  the  Historical  Jesus  ") 
affirm  that  Jesus  had  a  mistaken  eschatology, 
thinking  that  the  world  would  come  to  an  end 
quickly  with  a  great  cataclysm  and  thus  usher 
in  the  Messianic  kingdom.  This  view  makes 
Jesus  adopt  the  theory  of  the  Jewish  apocalyptists 
and  makes  His  ethical  teachings  interimsethik  or 


THE  LEADERSHIP  OP  JESUS  17 

ethics  only  for  a  brief  interval  before  the  world 
upheaval  should  come.  Dean  Shailer  Mathews 
admits  that  it  is  not  improbable  that  Jesus  held 
this  catastrophic  view  of  the  establishment  of  the 
Kingdom  of  God,  though  he  thinks  it  was  not  His 
central  thought  ("  The  Gospel  and  the  Modern 
Man,"  p.  253).  President  Faunce  goes  so  far  as 
to  say :  "  Probably  he  did  expect  a  speedier  end 
of  the  age  than  we  can  expect.  But  his  escha- 
tology  could  not  transform  his  ethic  "  ("  Religion 
and  War,"  p.  61).  Jesus  employed  apocalyptic 
language  in  discussing  the  unknown  end  of  the 
world,  but  He  nowhere  formally  committed  Him- 
self to  an  early  date  for  the  end  of  the  world.  It 
is  wrong  to  take  literally  symbolic  imagery  when 
the  rest  of  the  teaching  is  clear.  Jesus  outlined 
a  program  for  world  conquest,  as  we  shall  see. 

In  the  temptation  on  the  mountain  the  devil 
showed  Jesus  "  all  the  kingdoms  of  the  world, 
and  the  glory  of  them ;  and  he  said  unto  him, 
All  these  things  will  I  give  thee,  if  thou  wilt  fall 
down  and  worship  me  "  (Matt.  4  :  8  f.).  Luke 
(4 :  6  f.)  reports  the  devil's  words  thus  :  "  To  thee 
will  I  give  all  this  authority,  and  the  glory  of 
them :  for  it  hath  been  delivered  unto  me ;  and 
to  whomsoever  I  will  I  give  it.  If  thou  there- 
fore wilt  worship  before  me,  it  shall  all  be  thine." 
This  the  devil  said  after  he  had  "  showed  him  all 


18  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

the  kingdoms  of  the  inhabited  earth  in  a  moment 
of  time "  (Luke  4:5)  by  a  sort  of  spiritual 
cinematography.  Whatever  view  we  hold  of  the 
nature  of  this  temptation,  in  some  subtle  and 
powerful  way  the  spirit  of  evil  presented  to  Jesus 
the  appeal  of  world  dominion.  Great  men  be- 
fore Jesus  had  been  fascinated  by  the  dream  of 
world  empire,  men  like  Nebuchadrezzar,  Xerxes, 
Alexander  the  Great,  Julius  Caesar.  The  lure  of 
world  empire  has  not  ceased  to  draw  men  on. 
Attila  the  Hun,  Napoleon,  and  now  Kaiser  Wil- 
helm  the  "  Hun  "  has  proclaimed  that  his  "mailed 
fist "  will  accomplish  what  the  other  aspirants 
failed  to  achieve.  But  the  forces  of  freedom  have 
seen  to  it  that  he  too  shall  fail  to  reach  his 
vain  ambition.  The  devil  claimed  lordship  over 
the  kingdoms  of  the  world  and  Jesus  did  not 
deny  that  he  was  the  prince  of  this  world  (John 
16:11).  The  devil  dangled  before  Jesus  power 
(authority)  and  glory,  precisely  what  bewilders 
the  ambitious  ruler  to-day.  And  Jesus  Himself 
claimed  world  authority  while  here  it  was  offered 
Him  for  the  asking.  But  the  terms  offered  Jesus 
mean  servitude  as  the  devil's  vassal  king  and 
disloyalty  to  the  Father.  The  Master  must  have 
told  the  story  of  this  crucial  initial  struggle,  since 
there  were  no  spectators  to  the  combat.  We 
have  thus  Christ's  own  estimate  of  the  signifi- 


THE  LEADEESHIP  OP  JESUS  19 

cance  of  the  conflict.  The  rejection  of  the  devil's 
offer  of  co-partnership  in  world  rule  meant  war 
to  the  finish  between  the  Lion  of  the  tribe  of 
Judah  (Rev.  5:5)  and  the  lion  of  the  jungle. 
Jesus  enters  upon  His  Messianic  task  as  Christus 
Mititans  (B.  W.  Bacon,  Hibbert  Journal,  July, 
1918).  He  grappled  the  enemy  of  all  that  is 
good  and  true.  At  the  very  start  Jesus  is  shown 
to  have  a  program  for  world  conquest  just  as 
He  unfolded  it  at  the  end  before  He  ascended  to 
heaven  (Matt.  28 :  i8ff.). 

He  was  to  win  by  the  way  of  the  Cross.  Just 
before  His  death  He  said  to  the  disciples :  "  In 
the  world  ye  have  tribulation :  but  be  ye  of 
good  cheer ;  I  have  overcome  the  world  "  (John 
J6 : 33).  In  the  Apocalypse  of  John  the  seventh 
angel  sounds  and  great  voices  say :  "  The  king- 
dom of  the  world  is  become  the  kingdom  of  our 
Lord,  and  of  his  Christ,  and  he  shall  reign  for- 
ever and  ever"  (Rev.  11:15).  The  apostles 
soon  came  to  see  that  the  Risen  Christ  was  and 
is  Lord  of  the  whole  universe  (John  i  :  3  f. ;  Col. 
i :  i6f.).  His  aim  was  to  wrest  the  dominion  of 
the  world  from  the  hand  of  Satan.  Paul  felt  it 
to  be  his  call  from  Christ  to  open  the  eyes  of  the 
Gentiles  "  that  they  may  turn  from  darkness  to 
light  and  from  the  power  of  Satan  unto  God " 
(Acts  26 : 1 8). 


20  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

But  if  the  devil  had  his  grip  on  the  kings  of 
earth,  how  could  Jesus  win  while  He  renounced 
a  political  kingdom  ?  This  problem  puzzled  the 
disciples  who  for  long  could  not  comprehend 
how  Jesus  could  die  and  still  be  the  Christ. 
Popular  Pharisaic  theology  (John  12  134)  looked 
for  a  Messiah  who  would  abide  in  Jerusalem,  not 
for  a  Son  of  man  who  would  be  lifted  up  (cruci- 
fied). And  Peter  doubted  the  idea  of  a  dying 
Christ  so  bluntly  that  Jesus  had  to  brand  him 
as  "  Satan "  reappearing  in  the  person  of  Peter 
with  the  old  temptation  to  world  power  (Matt 
I5:22f.).  At  the  very  moment  of  Christ's  As- 
cension the  disciples  still  looked  for  a  political 
kingdom  (Acts  i :  6).  And  yet  these  men  did 
come  to  see  that  the  Kingdom  of  God  is  within 
the  heart  (Luke  17 :  20  f.),  the  reign  of  Christ  in 
the  soul.  But  was  Jesus  a  revolutionist?  Did 
He  submit  to  the  rule  of  men  who  were  not  under 
the  sway  of  the  will  of  God  ? 

3.     Christ  and  Caesar. 

The  enemies  of  Jesus  perceive  the  dilemma  in 
which  He  had  placed  Himself  by  His  peculiar 
claim  to  Messiahship  without  political  rule.  The 
Pharisees  seek  to  inveigle  Jesus  unto  some  kind 
of  trouble  with  Herod  Antipas,  but  He  easily 
eludes  both  the  Pharisees  and  "  that  fox  "  (Luke 


THE  LEADEESHIP  OF  JESUS  21 

I3:3iff.).  On  the  last  day  of  the  temple  min- 
istry the  Pharisees  employ  some  of  their  dis- 
ciples (students)  and  the  Herodians  to  entrap 
Jesus  about  paying  tribute  to  Caesar.  To  advo- 
cate this  tax  was  not  popular  and  the  Zealots 
openly  opposed  paying  it  and  finally  brought  on 
the  war  with  Rome.  But  yet  to  call  it  unjust  or 
unlawful  would  run  the  risk  of  trial  for  high 
treason.  The  answer  of  Jesus  cut  through  their 
cunning  and  laid  down  a  principle  for  Christians 
through  all  the  ages:  "Render  therefore  unto 
Caesar  the  things  that  are  Caesar's;  and  unto 
God  the  things  that  are  God's"  (Matt.  22:21). 
No  wonder,  "  when  they  heard  it  they  marvelled, 
and  left  him,  and  went  away."  They  had  no 
case  against  Christ  and  had  been  made  ridicu- 
lous before  the  crowd.  Jesus  clearly  recognizes 
the  rights  of  the  State  and  of  religion  and  holds 
that  they  are  separate.  Perhaps  no  single  teach- 
ing of  Jesus  has  been  more  difficult  to  follow 
through  the  centuries  than  this  logion  about 
Caesar  and  God.  At  that  very  time  Caesar 
claimed  to  be  God.  The  emperor-cult  was  the 
chief  religion  of  the  empire. 

What  shall  a  man  do  when  the  State  steps 
into  the  place  of  God  and  asserts  power  over  the 
conscience  ?  What  if  conscience  and  the  State 
conflict  ?  Then  the  conscience  should  see  to  it 


22  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

that  it  is  right.  It  may  need  fresh  light.  If, 
after  ail  is  said  and  done,  the  conscience  stands 
its  ground,  that  is  each  man's  privilege.  Only  a 
man  must  be  willing  to  pay  the  price  for  such  a 
stand  with  his  life  if  need  be.  This  is  what  Jesus 
did.  This  is  what  Peter  and  John  stood  ready 
to  do :  "  whether  it  is  right  in  the  sight  of  God 
to  hearken  unto  you  rather  than  unto  God,  judge 
ye :  for  we  cannot  but  speak  the  things  which  we 
saw  and  heard"  (Acts  4:  igS.).  And  yet  Peter 
will  say  :  "  Honour  all  men.  Love  the  brother- 
hood. Fear  God.  Honour  the  king"  (i  Pet. 
2:17).  At  that  very  time  Christians  were  suf- 
fering fiery  persecutions  from  Nero  for  the  crime 
of  being  Christians  (i  Pet.  4:16).  Paul  was 
treated  as  an  outlaw  against  Caesar  (Acts  17:7), 
charged  with  his  co-workers  with  "saying  that 
there  is  another  king,  one  Jesus."  Eventually  the 
issue  was  drawn  in  the  Roman  Empire  sharply 
between  the  "  Lord  Jesus  "  and  "  Lord  Caesar." 
It  cost  something  then  to  say :  "  Jesus  is  Lord  " 
(i  Cor.  12:3).  Polycarp  in  the  second  century 
was  given  the  alternative  of  life  with  the  words 
"  Lord  Caesar "  or  death  with  the  words  "  Lord 
Jesus."  He  chose  "  Lord  Jesus  "  and  death,  yes, 
and  eternal  life.  Soon  the  Roman  Empire  was 
engaged  in  a  death  struggle  between  the  king- 
dom of  Caesar  and  the  kingdom  of  Christ.  Nero, 


THE  LEADEBSHIP  OF  JESUS  23 

Domitian,  Trajan,  Flavius,  Decius  threw  the 
whole  weight  of  the  State  against  the  pestiferous 
heresy  to  stamp  it  out  But  it  would  not  be 
stamped  out. 

In  the  end  Constantino  compromised  the  con- 
flict. The  Church  conquered  Caesar  and  Caesar 
conquered  the  Church.  Papal  Rome  in  a  strange 
way  represented  the  compromise  offered  Jesus 
by  the  devil  in  the  union  of  Church  and  State. 
The  result  was  official  Christianity  with  the  spirit 
and  method  of  the  Roman  rule.  It  was  the  face 
of  Christ  with  the  heart  of  the  beast.  Medieval 
history  in  Europe  is  the  story  of  the  evil  wrought 
upon  the  kingdom  of  Christ  by  the  spirit  of 
Caesar.  Scourges  came  from  Huns,  Saracens, 
Turks,  and  Teutons.  The  intellectual  life  dwin- 
dled with  the  dimming  of  the  spiritual  forces. 
The  Greek  genius  was  put  beneath  the  heel 
of  papal  power.  But  the  Renaissance  came. 
Europe  awoke  with  the  Greek  Testament  in  its 
hand  and  the  spirit  of  man  began  to  fight  for 
freedom  to  think.  The  Reformation  followed 
and  men  have  slowly  fought  their  way  out  to 
intellectual  and  spiritual  liberty.  They  shook 
off  the  Church  in  order  to  find  Christ.  Men  have 
tried  to  shut  the  Church  out  from  the  affairs  of 
the  State  and  to  keep  the  hand  of  the  State  out 
of  the  affairs  of  the  Church.  Both  results  have 


24  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

cost  ages  of  conflict  and  much  blood  and  agony. 
The  antithesis  between  Caesar  and  God  was  seen 
by  many,  but  not  by  all. 

The  recent  world  struggle  was  a  recrudescence 
in  the  mind  of  the  Kaiser  of  this  union  between 
Church  and  State.  He  asserts  the  divine  right  of 
kings  and  traces  his  dynasty  to  heaven.  He  has 
claimed  a  special  partnership  with  God  and  to 
be  the  agent  of  God  in  using  the  hammer  of 
Thor  against  the  nations  of  the  earth.  The 
naivete  of  this  conception  would  make  it  seem 
absurd  to  modern  men  were  it  not  so  tragical  a 
reality.  Already  this  insane  ambition  of  the 
Kaiser  to  world  rule  has  cost  the  world  six 
million  men  slain  in  battle,  not  to  mention 
the  wounded,  the  demented,  the  women  ruined 
or  widowed,  the  children  orphaned,  the  homes 
wrecked.  But  the  end  is  not  yet,  though  the 
defeat  of  the  Kaiser  has  come.  The  Kaiser 
claims  to  be  the  author  of  the  idea  of  German 
world  dominion,  but  he  has  been  supported  by  the 
masses  of  his  people.  The  philosophy  of  Nietzsche 
that  might  is  right  came  to  be  the  orthodox 
doctrine  of  the  German  state.  Nietzsche  brutally 
stated  that  Jesus  was  the  greatest  calamity  that 
had  ever  befallen  the  race  because  He  taught 
mercy  and  spared  the  weak.  He  set  up  Thor 
in  the  place  of  Christ.  Heine  long  ago  foresaw 


THE  LEADERSHIP  OF  JESUS  25 

the  havoc  that  would  be  wrought  in  Europe  and 
all  the  world  when  Germany  thrust  off  the  thin 
veneer  of  Christianity  and  threw  away  the  talis- 
man of  the  Cross  and  grasped  again  the  hammer 
of  Thor.  He  warned  a  world  that  did  not  heed. 
At  the  very  outbreak  of  the  great  war,  men  per- 
ceived that  the  real  issue  was  Kaiser  or  Christ, 
Napoleon  or  Jesus,  Corsica  or  Galilee.  Each 
day  of  the  war's  progress  has  made  that  plainer 
and  now  it  is  written  across  the  sky.  What  is 
the  matter  with  the  State?  If  we  must  have 
separation  of  Church  and  State,  what  has  Christ 
to  do  with  the  State  ?  That  is  precisely  the  point 
where  the  State  has  failed.  We  have  a  State 
without  Christ. 

4.     Christ  in  the  State. 

In  having  a  churchless  State,  as  is  right,  we 
have  secured  a  godless  State  which  is  all  wrong. 
The  State  cannot  do  without  God  any  more  than 
the  individual  can.  Not  that  God  need  be  in 
the  Constitution  or  on  our  coins,  though  there  is 
no  harm  in  that.  What  the  State  needs  is  not  a 
statute  god  (Germany  had  that)  nor  a  state  god 
(the  Roman  Empire  had  that).  What  the  State 
must  do  is  to  lay  the  foundation  in  righteous- 
ness. That  alone  exalts  a  nation.  Nothing  else 
will  stand.  It  was  precisely  because  the  king- 


26  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

doms  of  the  world  were  carried  on  in  accord 
with  the  principle  of  the  devil  that  he  could  claim 
to  be  the  prince  of  this  world.  The  very  name 
"  diplomacy  "  means  double  dealing.  The  single- 
eyed  diplomacy  of  John  Hay  in  China  was 
termed  rude  and  uncouth  by  the  Germans. 
Through  the  ages  the  governments  of  earth  have 
been  too  prone  to  leave  Christ  out  of  account. 
They  have  acted  on  the  principle  of  grab  and 
greed.  Love  and  good- will  and  uprightness  of 
conduct  have  been  treated  as  the  worn-out 
vapourings  of  old  women  and  preachers. 

But  God  has  not  abdicated  His  throne. 
Machiavellian  principles  seem  to  triumph  for  a 
while.  The  cynicism  of  a  Bismarck  who  changed 
a  telegram  in  order  to  make  war  on  France  in 
1870  seemed  to  succeed.  But  God  bides  His 
time.  The  Kaiser  was  ready  in  September,  1914, 
in  resplendent  uniform  to  enter  Paris  with  the 
Crown  Prince.  But  he  did  not  enter.  The 
miracle  of  the  Marne  came  and  the  hosts  of 
Germany  were  hurled  back  to  the  Aisne  by  the 
genius  of  Joffre  and  Foch.  Again  in  July,  1918, 
the  Kaiser  and  the  Crown  Prince  were  ready 
to  enter  Paris.  But  the  American  Marines  at 
Chateau-Thierry  disobeyed  orders  and  fought  in- 
stead of  running  and  saved  Paris  again  and  the 
Huns  ran  back  towards  the  Rhine.  The  Kaiser 


THE  LBADEESHIP  OF  JESUS  27 

had  already  constructed  his  palace  on  Mount 
Olivet  from  which  he  was  to  rule  the  world. 
But  now,  alas  for  him,  the  British  occupy  Jeru- 
salem. The  grand  scheme  of  Mittel-Europa 
seemed  a  fact  with  Servia,  Roumania,  and  Russia 
under  the  heel  of  the  Hun.  But  now  defeat  has 
overtaken  Germany  and  her  allies.  The  nation 
that  defies  God  has  always  gone  down.  No 
nation  can  live  that  ignores  Christ. 

This  is  the  supreme  lesson  of  the  war  to  the 
United  States.  We  must  as  a  people  face  the 
fact  of  Christ,  the  present  lordship  and  leader- 
ship of  Christ  in  public  and  private  life.  It  is 
evident  enough  that  Christ  is  not  yet  King  in  the 
United  States.  All  is  not  bad.  We  have  in 
President  Woodrow  Wilson  a  man  who  seems 
anxious  to  solve  public  problems  in  the  spirit  of 
Jesus.  He  has  become  "The  moral  leader  of 
the  world  to-day"  (The  British  Weekly,  Aug.  I, 
1918)  not  merely  because  of  his  high  office.  He 
has  taken  Christ  with  him  into  his  office  and 
Jesus  has  put  into  his  hand  the  hearts  of  a  billion 
people  who  look  to  him  for  guidance  in  the 
world  conflict.  He  has  shown  men  how  to 
crown  Christ  in  the  State.  Prohibition  is  near  at 
hand.  Exposures  of  graft  and  greed  are  fear- 
lessly made.  But  the  wide-spread  profiteering  is 
enough  to  shame  us.  Men  in  high  places  have 


28  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

taken  advantage  of  the  crisis  of  this  country 
to  rob  the  government  and  the  masses.  The 
American  Republic  needs  Christ  in  the  hearts  of 
the  voters,  in  the  hearts  of  the  lawmakers,  in 
the  hearts  of  all  who  rule  and  lead.  This  the 
nation  is  coming  to  see.  We  must  make  Christ 
King  in  the  home,  in  the  school,  in  the  store,  in 
the  factory,  on  the  railroad,  on  the  ship,  in  the 
army,  in  the  navy,  in  the  city  hall,  in  the  state 
capitol,  in  the  national  capitol.  That  is  to  say, 
we  must  have  men  and  women  who  own  Jesus 
as  Lord  and  Leader  and  who  honestly  try  to 
follow  His  teaching.  This  is  the  new  citizenship. 
This  is  what  the  world  has  never  yet  seen,  a 
Commonwealth  where  Christ  really  reigns  in  the 
hearts  of  the  people.  Dr.  P.  T.  Forsyth  well 
says :  "  A  nation  is  Christian  not  when  a  church 
is  established  by  law,  but  when  righteousness  is 
established  by  conscience  within  its  workers " 
("The  Roots  of  a  World-Commonwealth," 
p.  12). 

5.    Citizens  Worthy  of  Christ. 

Paul  caught  the  vision  when  he  said  "  Only 
live  as  citizens  in  a  manner  worthy  of  the  Gospel 
of  Christ"  (Phil.  1:27).  The  Christian  cannot 
escape  his  duties  as  a  citizen.  He  has  no  right 
to  shirk  them  or  to  resign  them  to  others,  not 


THE  LEADERSHIP  OF  JESUS  29 

even  to  the  city  "  boss  "  or  to  the  party  machine. 
Paul  was  proud  of  his  Roman  citizenship  (Acts 
22  : 28)  and  of  his  city  Tarsus  (Acts  21 : 39).  We 
may  be  sure  that  he  exercised  his  duties  as  a 
citizen  conscientiously.  The  Philippians  lived  in 
a  city  that  was  a  colony  of  Rome  (Acts  16: 12) 
and  knew  what  a  privilege  Roman  citizenship 
was  at  that  time.  Paul  could  appeal  to  them 
with  force  because  both  he  and  they  were  Ro- 
man citizens  (cf.  Robertson,  "Paul's  Joy  in 
Christ,"  pp.  24,  219).  The  Christian  can  get 
no  sympathy  from  Christ  for  leaving  the  affairs 
of  state  to  selfish  and  evil  men.  This  is  exactly 
the  place  where  the  new  view  of  citizenship  steps 
in.  Christians  have  been  too  often  cowardly 
and  careless.  They  have  accepted  the  rotten- 
ness of  city  politics  as  a  necessary  evil.  They 
have  followed  the  lead  of  the  party  "  boss " 
without  regard  to  the  ethical  aspects  of  the  issues 
at  stake.  We  are  at  last  coming  to  see  that  it  is 
nothing  but  criminal  cowardice  for  Christians  to 
let  grafters  and  pot-house  politicians  run  city 
and  state  in  the  interest  of  the  forces  of  evil. 
Courage  has  been  needed  in  this  conflict  and  per- 
sistence. Spasmodic  reform  movements  spent 
their  force  because  they  were  not  sustained  by 
convictions  and  consistent  application  of  prin- 
ciple. The  Christian  must  take  Christ  with  him 


30  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

to  the  polls  in  no  Pharisaical  sense,  free  from  all 
cant,  with  the  utmost  courage  and  determination. 
Men  must  not  forget  that  they  are  followers  of 
Christ  when  they  sit  in  the  city  council  or  in  the 
legislative  halls.  The  honest  effort  to  act  as 
citizens  in  a  way  worthy  of  Christ  will  eliminate 
bribery  and  other  schemes.  What  Paul  pleads 
for  is  the  business  use  of  Christianity  all  the 
time. 

We  do  not  need  the  union  of  Church  and  State, 
but  we  must  have  the  union  of  Christ  and  the 
citizen.  The  same  man  is  both  Christian  and 
citizen.  He  cannot  separate  himself  without  dis- 
loyalty to  Christ.  There  is  no  need  to  cast  pearls 
before  swine  or  to  drag  the  name  of  Christ  into 
the  market-place.  The  parade  of  the  name  of 
Christ  in  public  may  defeat  the  very  object  that 
is  desired.  But  if  Jesus  is  our  Lord  and  leader, 
let  us  follow  Him.  We  must  approach  all  ques- 
tions of  statecraft  from  the  standpoint  of  the 
Cross  of  Christ.  All  men  will  not  do  this.  But 
all  Christian  citizens  are  required  to  do  this. 
To  do  this  one  thing  will  settle  many  grave 
problems  in  our  national  life.  Are  American 
Christians  willing  to  face  their  duties  as  citizens 
as  Jesus  would  have  them  do  ?  It  is  not  always 
easy  to  know  the  will  of  Christ  when  new  and 
complicated  problems  arise.  Men  will  inevitably 


THE  LEADEBSHIP  OP  JESUS  31 

differ  in  their  opinions.  But  it  will  be  going  a 
long  way  if  we  start  with  the  willingness  for 
Jesus  to  rule  in  our  life  as  citizens  in  the  State. 

Has  the  State  the  right  to  draft  citizens  for 
war?  It  certainly  has.  Jesus  does  not  oppose 
defensive  warfare,  but  aggressive  war.  The  pac- 
ifist, as  will  be  shown  later  (Chapter  XI),  has 
misunderstood  Jesus  in  His  teaching  about  non- 
resistance.  Jesus  Himself  fought  the  devil  and 
the  Pharisees,  separately  and  in  combination. 
It  is  cowardly  for  one  to  wish  to  enjoy  the  bless- 
ing of  freedom  and  not  to  be  willing  to  preserve 
and  defend  liberty  when  attacked.  The  citizen 
owes  it  to  the  State  that  protects  him  to  defend 
the  State  against  aggression.  The  Christian  can 
be  a  soldier  and  must  be  when  the  State  calls  for 
his  services.  He  can  take  Christ  with  him  into 
battle. 


II 

THE  BROTHERHOOD  OF  THE  RACE 

"  Our  Father  who  art  in  heaven." — Matt.  6:  p. 
"  And  he  made  of  one  every  nation  of  men  to  dwell  on 
all  the  face  of  the  earth." — Acts  if  ;  26. 

PLATITUDES  and  commonplaces  have 
taken  on  new  meanings  in  the  din  of  battle. 
We  have  not  taken  the  broad  truths  of 
Christianity  quite  seriously  enough.  The  edge 
wears  off  the  old  phrases  until  all  of  a  sudden 
we  are  brought  face  to  face  with  eternal  reality. 
Modern  writers  have  surely  written  enough  about 
the  brotherhood  of  man,  but  much  of  it  has  been 
cheap  twaddle.  The  war  has  laid  bare  in  all  its 
hideous  nakedness  the  hatreds,  deep  and  bitter, 
that  run  criss-cross  through  the  world.  Many 
embarrassing  questions  confront  us  if  we  look 
honestly  at  Christ's  teaching  on  the  subject. 

i.    The  Fatherhood  of  God. 

The  fatherhood  of  whom  ?  Most  nations  had 
their  own  gods.  The  god  of  each  nation  was 
regarded  as  a  national  asset  and  was  expected 
to  do  his  best  for  that  nation  in  any  conflict  that 
arose.  In  the  great  world  conflict  the  Germans 
talked  of  "  Our  good  German  God."  They  treat 

32 


THE  BEOTHEEHOOD  OF  THE  EACE     33 

the  Lord  God  of  all  as  their  exclusive  deity. 
They  call  themselves  the  chosen  people  and 
regard  others  as  outside  the  pale  of  the  divine 
interest.  In  the  Old  Testament  Jehovah  appears 
as  the  creator  of  the  Universe  and  the  God  of  all 
creation.  The  Jews  are  the  chosen  people  for 
the  bringing  in  of  the  Messianic  kingdom,  but 
the  Gentiles  are  included  in  the  promise  to 
Abraham.  The  universal  fatherhood  of  God  was 
coming  into  view.  Even  to-day  many  Chris- 
tians deny  the  universal  fatherhood  of  God 
because  they  make  it  to  mean  universal  salva- 
tion. That  is  slavery  to  a  phrase.  God  is  the 
Father  of  men  in  two  senses.  In  one  sense  He 
is  the  Father  of  the  race,  while  in  the  other 
special  sense  He  is  the  Father  of  the  redeemed. 
The  two  senses  can  and  should  be  kept  distinct. 
It  is  misleading  to  confuse  them.  All  men  are 
children  of  God,  the  author  of  their  being,  the 
Father  of  their  spirits.  Man  was  made  in  God's 
image  (Gen.  1 :  26).  But  only  the  redeemed  be- 
long to  the  family  of  God  in  the  special  sense  of 
the  term. 

Jesus  used  this  term  in  three  senses.  He 
taught  His  hearers  to  say  "  Our  Father  "  (Matt. 
6  : 9).  He  spoke  of  God  as  His  own  Father  in  a 
sense  not  true  of  other  men  (John  5:18).  But  He 
also  conceived  God  as  the  Father  of  all  men.  The 


34  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

picture  of  the  prodigal  son  is  that  of  the  outcast 
irom  society,  the  publican  and  sinner  (Luke 
15  :i),  who  yet  can  say  "  Father"  (Luke  15  : 12, 
1 8,  21).  The  Gentile  stands  in  this  same  rela- 
tion with  the  Jew,  for  God  loved  the  whole  world 
and  sent  His  Son  to  save  whoever  will  believe 
on  Him  (John  3 : 16).  And  yet  Jesus  pointedly 
said  to  the  unbelieving  Pharisees  that  God 
was  not  their  Father,  but  the  devil  was  (John 
8:42-44).  Here  it  is  the  spiritual  relation,  not 
the  act  of  creation,  that  is  in  mind.  These 
Pharisees  cannot  say  "  Abba,  Father "  (Rom. 
8 : 15).  They  do  not  belong  to  God's  spiritual 
family.  They  do  not  make  God's  will  the  law 
of  their  lives.  Jesus  held  no  merely  sentimental 
view  of  God's  fatherhood  (H.  C.  King,  "The 
Ethical  Teaching  of  Jesus,"  p.  272).  In  our  dis- 
cussion at  this  point  we  use  the  fatherhood  of 
God  in  its  cosmic  relation.  Men  by  the  very 
fact  of  likeness  to  God  in  the  moral  nature  are 
the  objects  of  God's  love  and  care  in  a  sense  not 
true  of  other  creatures.  Jesus  died  to  save  sin- 
ful men,  men  of  all  races,  nations,  ages.  He 
tasted  death  for  every  man  (Heb.  2  : 9).  He  did 
not  die  for  other  created  beings.  God  wishes  to 
be  received  as  spiritual  Father.  But  that  can 
only  become  true  on  the  basis  of  repentance  and 
forgiveness  of  sin  (John  i :  12).  But  all  our 


THE  BKOTHEBHOOD  OF  THE  RACE     36 

modern  humanitarian  interests  grow  out  of  the 
fundamental  fact  of  the  fatherhood  of  God. 

2.    The  Unity  of  Mankind. 

It  cannot  be  said  that  modern  science  has 
proven  the  unity  of  the  race  which  is  assumed  in 
the  Scriptures.  Science  allows  the  possibility  of 
parallel  racial  development  from  different  an- 
cestors. The  discoveries  concerning  primitive 
man  leaves  the  matter  in  more  or  less  doubt  It 
is  too  soon  to  dogmatize  about  what  is  still 
obscure.  But  different  as  the  various  human 
types  are  with  all  their  varying  stages  of  de- 
velopment, there  is  still  a  common  bond  of 
fellowship  that  unites  them  and  that  marks  them 
off  from  the  lower  animals,  even  from  those  that 
may  have  been  their  physical  ancestors.  There 
is  a  wide  gulf  between  the  highest  ape  and  the 
lowest  man.  That  gulf  is  the  moral  nature  of 
man,  the  image  of  God.  If  God  is  the  author 
of  us  all,  it  matters  little  what  the  process  was. 
It  was  good,  for  it  was  His  will.  The  point  that 
is  pertinent  for  our  discussion  is  the  kinship  of 
all  men.  Paul  the  Jew  and  the  Christian  gave 
us  a  fine  illustration  of  the  power  to  grasp  this 
great  truth  when  he  said  on  Mars'  Hill  in  the 
presence  of  cultured  Greeks :  "  For  in  him  we 
live,  and  move,  and  have  our  being ;  as  certain 


36  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

even  of  your  own  poets  have  said,  For  we  are 
also  his  offspring"  (Acts  17  128).  "  Being  then 
the  offspring  of  God,"  he  continued,  meaning 
both  Jews  and  Greeks.  The  point  is  made 
clearer  by  his  previous  words :  "  And  he  made 
of  one  every  nation  of  men  to  dwell  on  all  the 
face  of  the  earth,  having  determined  their  ap- 
pointed seasons,  and  the  bounds  of  their  habita- 
tion ;  that  they  should  seek  God,  if  haply  they 
might  feel  after  him  and  find  him,  though  he  is 
not  far  from  each  one  of  us"  (Acts  ij:26L). 
Here  the  fatherhood  of  God  and  the  unity  of  the 
race  are  clearly  stated  in  language  that  is  still 
modern.  This  unity  makes  it  possible  for  Paul 
to  make  his  appeal  to  the  Greeks  to  turn  to  God 
who  is  near  to  all  if  only  they  have  eyes  to  see. 
If  we  follow  the  line  of  reasoning  thus  far,  some 
other  things  must  be  accepted  that  are  not  so 
easy  to  apply  to  actual  conditions  to-day. 

3.    Race  Prejudice. 

Jesus  found  race  prejudice  rampant  when  He 
came  to  earth.  It  had  long  been  so.  The  Jews 
had  no  dealings  with  the  Samaritans  (John 
4:9).  The  woman  at  the  well  was  astonished 
that  Jesus  should  speak  to  her,  a  Samaritan 
woman  (4 : 9).  They  had  rival  places  of  worship 
in  Jerusalem  and  on  Gerizim  (4 : 20).  And  yet 


THE  BROTHERHOOD  OP  THE  RACE     37 

Jesus  pictured  a  Samaritan  overcoming  race 
prejudice  and  lending  aid  to  a  Jew  whom  a 
priest  and  a  Levite  had  passed  by  (Luke 
10 :  30-37).  So  particular  had  the  Jews  become 
that  they  wished  "neighbour"  given  the  nar- 
rowest meaning.  The  Jews  applied  the  term 
"  dogs  "  to  Gentiles  and  Jesus  used  it  in  a  play- 
ful way  to  the  Canaanitish  woman  (Matt.  15 : 
21-28).  When  the  Greeks  came  to  Philip  to  be 
introduced  to  Jesus,  he  was  thrown  into  a  panic 
and  consulted  Andrew  and  finally  Jesus  on  the 
grave  problem  (John  I2:2off.).  The  soul  of 
Jesus  was  greatly  agitated  at  this  spectacle  of 
race  hatred.  Even  after  the  vision  on  the  house- 
top Peter  apologized  to  Cornelius  for  having  en- 
tered his  house  (Acts  10 :  28).  The  murderers  of 
Jesus  felt  themselves  too  pious  to  enter  the  Praeto- 
rium  of  Pilate  lest  they  be  defiled  (John  18 : 28). 

The  Gentiles  returned  this  hatred  with  inter- 
est. Credat  Judcsus  (Let  a  Jew  believe  that)  was 
a  proverb.  They  howled  down  Alexander  the 
Jew  for  two  hours  merely  because  he  tried  to 
make  a  speech  to  the  crowd  at  Ephesus  (Acts 
19 '-  34)-  1°  a  papyrus  letter  of  A.  D.  41  an  un- 
couth writer  says :  "  And  thou,  do  thou  beware 
of  the  Jews."  From  the  Greek  standpoint  the 
Jews  were  barbarians  like  all  other  outsiders 
with  a  little  extra  touch  of  uncouthness.  There 


38  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

was  a  middle  wall  of  partition  erected  between 
Jew  and  Gentile  that  defied  any  efforts  to  remove 
it.  The  Jews  refused  to  believe  that  love  for 
neighbour  included  the  Gentiles.  This  is  all 
easy  enough  to  see.  But  look  at  the  world  to- 
day. Hatred  of  the  Jew  has  lived  on  through 
the  ages,  reaching  the  acme  in  Russia,  wLere 
Trotzsky  the  Jew  is  now  having  his  turn  of 
power.  The  Germans  first  justified  the  war  as 
a  defense  against  the  "  Slav  hordes."  The 
Kaiser  had  invented  the  phrase  "  Yellow  Peril " 
when  Russia  was  at  war  with  Japan,  but  now  it 
was  the  "Slav  peril."  We  have  not  found  it 
easy  to  be  just  in  our  own  country,  as  the  diffi- 
culties we  have  over  various  race  problems  show. 
Race  prejudice  is  an  inflammable  subject  and 
has  contributed  its  share  towards  bringing  on 
the  great  war.  But  we  shall  be  freer  from  it 
because  of  the  war.  The  mingling  of  races  in 
the  trenches  in  France  will  teach  natural  respect 
and  love  for  men  of  other  races. 

4.    National  Jealousy. 

Race  lines  and  national  boundaries  do  not 
always  correspond.  There  have  been  few  more 
bitter  wars  in  history  than  those  between  the 
nations  in  ancient  Greece.  Athens  and  Sparta 
were  rarely  at  peace.  Geography  played  a  large 


THE  BEOTHEEHOOD  OF  THE  EACE     39 

part  in  this  jealous  hostility  like  the  feuds  in  the 
mountains  where  one  valley  is  set  against  an- 
other. The  clans  of  Scotland  illustrated  the  same 
tendency.  And  yet  nationalism  is  a  wholesome 
spirit.  One  of  the  issues  in  the  recent  war  was 
the  fate  of  little  nations  like  Belgium,  Servia, 
Roumania,  Greece,  and  the  present  Czecho- 
slovak nation.  Where  race  and  nation  coincide 
the  feeling  of  integrity  and  independence  is 
greatly  intensified.  Poland  and  Armenia  were  no 
longer  national  units,  but  the  national  spirit  has 
survived  as  in  Bohemia.  But  it  is  all  wrong  for 
nation  to  rise  against  nation  just  because  the 
two  nations  are  different.  The  Jews  were  op- 
posed by  Semitic  nations  as  much  as  by  men  of 
different  race.  The  old  way  was  to  conquer  or 
be  conquered.  So  Carthage  and  Rome  fought 
the  Punic  wars  till  Carthage  was  destroyed. 
Every  nation  was  regarded  as  an  enemy  and 
legitimate  prey.  That  was  the  spirit  of  Ger- 
many. The  Kaiser  prayed  to  the  "  good  German 
God  "  and  then  preyed  upon  Belgium.  The  polit- 
ical writers  of  Germany  have  produced  many 
volumes  in  which  they  have  parceled  out  the  rest 
of  the  world  without  any  regard  to  the  present 
situation.  Most  nations  of  Europe,  Africa,  Asia, 
Australia,  South  America,  and  North  America 
were  to  become  vassals  of  Germany  as  Russia  was 


40  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

for  the  time  being.  Germany  had  willed  to  rule 
the  nations.  This  is  the  law  of  the  jungle  and 
Germany  had  to  be  conquered  like  another  wild 
beast  of  the  jungle.  The  conscience  of  mankind 
is  treated  as  a  negligible  matter. 

Like  race  prejudice  national  greed  is  directly 
contrary  to  the  fact  of  the  fatherhood  of  God 
and  the  unity  of  the  race.  Darwin's  law  of  the 
survival  of  the  fittest  is  appealed  to  in  justifica- 
tion of  this  program.  But  that  is  nature  red  in 
tooth  and  claw  quite  apart  from  all  moral  re- 
straint. Man,  if  man  at  all,  has  the  touch  of 
nature  that  makes  the  whole  world  kin.  This 
duality  of  nature  imposes  upon  him  the  obliga- 
tion to  subdue  the  lower  instincts  of  the  beast. 
The  State  should  be  the  embodiment  of  man's 
higher  nature,  not  of  his  lower.  The  law  of  love 
that  applies  to  the  family  applies  also  to  the  life 
of  nations  with  each  other.  Carnegie's  Peace 
Palace  still  stands  at  the  Hague  and  it  will  yet 
come  to  its  own  after  the  demon  of  hate  has 
been  cast  out  of  Germany. 

5.    The  Magnetism  of  the  Cross. 

But  the  nations  will  never  lay  aside  the  sword 
till  they  meet  at  the  Cross  of  Christ.  "  Jesus  de- 
livered a  frontal  attack  upon  race  prejudice  and 
racial  arrogance,  which  two  things  have  been 


THE  BEOTHEBHOOD  OF  THE  EACE     41 

the  source  of  most  of  the  wars  of  the  world.  He 
would  conquer  those  insidious  foes  not  only  by 
verbal  condemnation  but  by  replacing  them  with 
the  great  conception  of  human  brotherhood " 
(President  Faunce,  "  Religion  and  War,"  p.  56). 
Principal  Forsyth  puts  it  well  when  he  says : 
"  The  wave  of  brotherhood  is  really  carried  on 
the  tide  of  righteousness,  and  comrade  loyalty 
rests  on  loyalty  to  the  King  of  nations  whose 
throne  is  the  conscience  of  a  world "  ("  The 
Roots  of  a  World-Commonwealth,"  p.  15).  Re- 
ligion has  been  the  cause  of  many  wars.  But 
religion  alone,  real  religion,  can  cast  out  the  war 
spirit.  Jesus  met  the  inquiry  of  Philip  and 
Andrew  concerning  the  desire  of  the  Greeks  to 
meet  Him  with  a  profound  statement  of  the 
philosophy  of  life  and  death.  The  vision  of  His 
own  Cross  was  before  His  soul  now  greatly 
agitated :  "  Now  is  my  soul  troubled  ;  and  what 
shall  I  say  ?  "  He  was  troubled  over  the  hate  in 
the  hearts  of  men  for  each  other,  hate  caused  by 
sin,  hate  that  could  be  removed  only  by  the 
Cross.  "  Father,  save  me  from  this  hour,"  He 
cried  as  He  shrank  from  the  maelstrom  of  sin 
and  hate.  "  But  for  this  cause  came  I  unto  this 
hour.  Father,  glorify  thy  name  "  (John  12:27  f.). 
He  would  meet  His  hour,  for  thus  alone  was  there 
hope  of  reconciling  men  with  each  other.  "  Now 


42  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

is  the  judgment  of  this  world :  now  shall  the 
prince  of  this  world  be  cast  out."  Then  Jews 
and  Greeks  will  love  each  other,  then  when 
Satan's  power  is  overthrown.  Verily,  the  Ger- 
man hymn  of  hate  had  a  Satanic  flavour  as  it 
was  hurled  now  against  Russia,  now  against 
France,  now  against  England,  now  against  Italy, 
now  against  America.  But  the  prince  of  this 
world,  the  author  of  all  this  hellish  hate,  shall  be 
cast  out.  "  And  I,  if  I  be  lifted  up  from  the 
earth,  will  draw  all  men  unto  myself"  (John 
12 : 32).  Thus  alone  can  Jew  and  Greek  meet  on 
a  common  plane  of  friendship  and  fraternity. 

Paul  saw  it  clearly.  "There  can  be  neither 
Jew  nor  Greek,  there  can  be  neither  bond  nor 
free,  there  can  be  no  male  and  female ;  for  ye 
are  all  one  in  Christ  Jesus  "  (Gal.  3 :  28).  Poten- 
tially in  Christ  race  prejudice  is  done  away  with, 
class  prejudice  disappears,  and  sex  prejudice 
vanishes.  And  yet  the  chief  struggles  of  men 
have  been  to  remove  these  three  barriers.  The 
spirit  of  Christ  has  hammered  against  each  of 
these  walls.  Slowly  they  are  going  down. 
Each  phase  of  the  struggle  is  involved  in  the 
world  war  (race,  class,  sex).  But  Paul  in  a 
great  passage  (Eph.  2  : 11-22)  expounds  the  view 
that  the  enmity  between  Jew  and  Gentile  was 
slain  on  the  Cross  of  Christ.  The  blood  of 


THE  BEOTHEBHOOD  OF  THE  RACE     43 

Christ  first  reconciled  Jew  and  Gentile  to  God 
and  then  to  each  other.  "  For  he  is  our  peace, 
who  made  both  one,  and  brake  down  the  middle 
wall  of  partition,"  "  that  he  might  create  in  him- 
self of  the  two  one  new  man,  so  making  peace, 
and  might  reconcile  them  both  in  one  body 
through  the  cross,  having  slain  the  enmity 
thereby  :  and  he  came  and  preached  peace  to 
you  that  were  far  off,  and  peace  to  them  that  are 
nigh :  for  through  him  we  both  have  our  access 
in  one  spirit  unto  the  Father."  Thus,  and  thus 
alone,  is  it  possible  for  different  nations  and  races 
to  overcome  their  jealousies  and  hatreds. 

The  great  war  does  not  prove  that  Christianity 
has  failed.  It  proves  that  it  has  not  yet  been 
really  tried.  Man  has  fallen  short  of  his  high 
destiny.  Jesus,  the  Son  of  man,  alone  has  risen 
to  the  height  of  true  manhood  (Heb.  2 : 5-9). 
His  Incarnation  is  the  hope  of  mankind.  The 
race  cannot  scale  the  heights  above  the  angels 
except  as  it  follows  in  the  footsteps  of  their  Guide 
who  has  blazed  the  path  before.  He  led  the  way 
of  love,  sacrifice,  suffering,  service.  He  calls  the 
nations  to  come  after  Him  and  thus  subject  all 
things  under  their  feet. 

6.    Citizens  of  the  World. 

"Freedom,  equality,  brotherhood  are  the  watch- 


44  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

words  of  the  new  faith.  .  .  .  Brotherhood  is 
on  the  whole  the  greatest  of  the  Gospel  watch- 
words "  (Vedder,  "  The  Gospel  of  Jesus  and  the 
Problems  of  Democracy,"  p.  17).  Brotherhood 
is  the  spirit  that  has  led  America  into  the  war 
(Ferrero,  "Europe's  Fateful  Hour").  The  true 
patriot,  therefore,  does  not  have  to  hate  other 
nations  save  as  they  fly  in  the  face  of  Christ. 
Germany  had  become  the  school-teacher  of  the 
world.  Now  Germany  is  considered  the  curse 
of  the  world.  This  rapid  revolution  in  public 
opinion  has  come  because  Germany  deliberately 
flew  in  the  face  of  the  conscience  of  the  world. 
She  set  her  own  ambition  above  the  welfare  of 
men  She  blotted  out  right  as  a  scrap  of  paper 
and  trampled  upon  Belgium  as  an  outlaw  for 
standing  in  her  path.  But  a  glory  has  come  to 
Belgium  that  will  never  fade,  the  country  that 
has  lost  all  but  her  soul  (Raemakers).  Germany 
tried  to  seize  the  whole  world  and  lost  her  soul. 
In  the  years  to  come  Germany  will  repent  in 
sackcloth  and  ashes  and  come  back  to  Christ 
Then  alone  she  can  be  forgiven  and  loved  again 
as  was  the  old  Germany  of  our  childhood.  But 
for  long  Germany  will  travel  her  Via  Dolorosa. 

In  Christ  Jesus,  Gentiles  are  "  fellow-citizens 
with  the  saints "  (Eph.  2  :  19).  A  new  cama- 
raderie has  come  to  the  soldiers  of  the  Entente 


THE  BROTHERHOOD  OP  THE  RACE     45 

from  the  baptism  of  blood  in  France.  Each 
loves  his  own  country  more  than  ever,  but  he 
has  enlarged  his  heart  to  take  in  his  fellow- 
soldiers  who  fight  and  fall  by  his  side.  If  he 
had  only  known  it,  the  true  Christian  has  to  feel 
himself  a  citizen  of  the  whole  world.  Christ 
died  for  the  whole  world.  Our  mission  efforts 
grow  out  of  His  love  for  all  men  as  brothers. 
Some  day  the  League  to  Enforce  Peace  will  be 
a  reality.  We  shall  then  be  a  step  nearer  to 
Tennyson's  Federation  of  Mankind,  the  Parlia- 
ment of  the  World.  But  all  this  is  in  the  heart 
of  Christ.  We  need  not  wait  for  the  millennium 
to  come  to  usher  in  that  state.  We  can  begin 
with  our  own  hearts.  We  must  hate  wrong 
and  smite  it  at  every  turn.  In  a  letter  to  the 
author  (August  15, 1918)  Sir  Alfred  Pearce  Gould, 
of  London,  who  gave  a  gifted  son  to  the  cause 
of  freedom  in  France,  says :  "  What  we  want  is 
summed  up  in  this — '  national  and  international 
Christianity  ' — not  a  merely  formal  acceptance  of 
Christ,  but  a  true  discipleship."  We  have  won 
the  war  for  freedom  as  we  should.  But  we  did 
not  win  just  for  ourselves.  America,  like  all  her 
Allies,  was  in  this  war  for  the  benefit  of  the  whole 
world.  This  is  the  New  Crusade  for  mankind. 
We  are  citizens  of  the  world  and  all  the  more 
because  we  are  loyal  Americans. 


Ill 

DEMOCRACY'S  DAY 

"  And  ye  shall  know  the  truth,  and  the  truth  shall  make 
you  free." — John  8  ;J2. 

DR.  VEDDER  quotes  Nietzsche  as  say- 
ing: "Christianity  is  the  reality  of  all 
that  creeps  upon  the  ground  against  all 
that  is  elevated."  Then  Vedder  replies :  "  Pre- 
cisely: it  is  the  revolt  of  democracy  against 
aristocracy.  Christianity,  as  Jesus  taught  it,  the 
Gospel  as  He  declared  it,  is  just  that  and  what 
the  small-souled  philosopher  thought  its  disgrace 
is  its  glory"  ("The  Gospel  of  Jesus  and  the 
Problems  of  Democracy,"  p.  17).  Certainly  Paul 
has  the  same  idea  in  i  Corinthians  i :  26-30,  for 
God  chose  the  foolish,  the  weak,  the  base  things 
of  the  world,  and  the  things  that  are  not.  Jesus 
laid  hold  upon  the  common  people  who  heard 
Him  gladly  to  the  discomfiture  of  Pharisees  and 
Sadducees.  The  leaven  of  the  Gospel  works 
upward. 

x.    The  Call  to  Freedom. 
Many  crimes  have  been  wrought  in  the  name 
of  liberty.     The  step  from  liberty  to  license  is  not 

46 


DEMOCRACY'S  DAY  47 

hard  to  take  and  it  has  often  been  taken.  Russia 
stepped  over  the  brink  in  less  than  one  year  from 
autocracy  to  democracy  and  on  to  anarchy,  the 
prey  of  German  autocrat  and  Russian  dema- 
gogue. The  road  back  to  ordered  freedom  will 
be  slow  and  steep,  but  it  must  and  will  be  taken, 
for  Russia  has  a  great  soul.  China  is  moving 
more  slowly  towards  a  democracy.  The  fate  of 
Poland  stands  before  the  eyes  of  Russia.  An 
absolute  democracy  becomes  a  veritable  tyranny 
upon  occasion.  Voxpopuli  may  be  vox  dei  or  vox 
diaboli.  Demos  may  become  the  very  breath  of 
the  Lord  or  a  whiff  of  hell,  a  great  people  united 
for  progress  or  a  howling  mob  bereft  of  reason. 
The  State  faces  the  same  spirit  that  confronts 
Christianity.  "  For  freedom  did  Christ  set  us 
free :  stand  fast  therefore,  and  be  not  entangled 
again  in  the  yoke  of  bondage "  (Gal.  5:1). 
These  words  of  Paul  have  a  modern  ring  and 
suit  the  needs  of  the  present  hour.  He  was 
struggling  to  keep  the  Gospel  free  from  the 
yoke  of  the  Judaizers  who  sought  to  clamp 
legalism  upon  the  free  spirit  of  the  Gentile 
Christians.  No  bondage  is  more  terrible  than 
that  of  the  spirit  to  ecclesiastical  tyranny.  "  For 
ye,  brethren,  were  called  for  freedom;  only  use 
not  your  freedom  for  an  occasion  to  the  flesh, 
but  through  love  be  servants  one  to  another" 


48  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

(5 : 13).  Freedom  is  freedom.  A  man  is  not 
free  unless  he  is  free  in  body,  mind,  and  soul. 
Ordered  liberty,  that  is,  not  license,  for  no  one 
lives  to  himself.  Freedom  is  limited  by  our 
relations  to  God  and  to  our  neighbours.  But 
ordered  liberty  applies  to  all  the  functions  of  life. 
The  air  is  stuffy  unless  one  has  proper  freedom 
of  action.  The  eagle  cannot  fly  in  a  cage.  We 
may  have  tyranny  of  spirit  or  of  intellect  under 
the  form  of  a  democracy.  We  may  have  free- 
dom of  both  or  of  all  under  the  forms  of  autoc- 
racy. Let  us  not  deceive  ourselves  by  phrases. 
Russia  under  Lenine  professes  to  be  a  democ- 
racy, but  it  is  a  tyrannical  government.  Eng- 
land is  a  nominal  monarchy.  Cromwell  and 
George  Washington  completed  the  work  of  the 
barons  at  Runnymede  and  won  real  liberty  for 
the  Anglo-Saxon  world.  The  autocrat  has  dis- 
appeared from  Britain  and  America  after  cen- 
turies of  conflict.  The  French  Revolution 
drenched  the  land  in  blood,  but  freedom  came 
and  has  made  France  glorious.  Italy  is  carrying 
on  the  work  of  Garibaldi  for  freedom  from 
Teuton  and  Pope.  The  idea  of  equal  fellowship 
"is  part  of  the  humane  movement  which  for  a 
century  has  been  spreading  over  those  parts  of 
Christendom  which  remain  sensitive  to  spiritual 
ideas  wider  than  national  range  or  to  moral  sense 


DEMOCRACY'S  DAY  49 

which  rises  above  racial  egoism.  It  goes  round 
the  world  with  the  sun,  linking  Russia  with 
America,  and  it  seems  to  miss  only  the  Turk 
and  the  Teuton"  (Forsyth,  "The  Roots  of  a 
World-Commonwealth,"  p.  13).  Some  day  it 
will  include  Turk  and  Teuton,  or  else  they  will 
be  swept  aside  as  an  anachronism  by  the  onward 
movement  of  the  race.  This  war  of  autocracy 
against  democracy  is  the  last  gasp  of  feudalism 
in  its  effort  to  throttle  freedom.  This  dragon 
must  be  slain.  The  world  will  be  made  safe  for 
democracy  as  President  Wilson  said  in  his 
immortal  address.  Yes,  and  democracy  will 
conquer  the  world,  whether  the  rulers  be  termed 
President,  King  or  Emperor.  Japan  does  not 
yet  understand  the  democratic  movement,  but  it 
will  yield  to  the  resistless  onward  sweep  of  the 
people.  It  is  no  wonder  that  the  Hapsburg  and 
the  Hohenzollern  went  down  in  the  flood.  Presi- 
dent Faunce  ("  Religion  and  War,"  p.  119)  quotes 
Gladstone  as  explaining  his  political  inconsist- 
encies by  saying:  "The  reason  is  very  simple ; 
I  was  brought  up  to  dislike  and  distrust  liberty  ; 
I  have  learned  to  believe  in  it ;  that  is  the  secret 
of  all  my  changes."  We  may  add  this  word  from 
Kent :  "  Jesus  lived  in  an  age  when  despotism 
was  regnant;  and  yet  He  was  the  most  thor- 
oughgoing democrat  that  has  appeared  in  his- 


50  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

tory  "  ("  The  Social  Teachings  of  the  Prophets 
and  Jesus,"  p.  254). 

2.    Prayer  for  Kings. 

Nowhere  in  the  New  Testament  is  a  form  of 
civil  government  prescribed.  Jesus  admitted  the 
rights  of  Caesar.  Paul  taught  "  subjection  to 
the  higher  powers ;  for  there  is  no  power  but  of 
God,  and  the  powers  that  be  are  ordained  of 
God  "  (Rom.  13  :  i).  This  great  passage  (Rom. 
13  : 1-7)  is  a  clear  and  powerful  presentation  of 
the  rights  of  government.  Christianity  is  wholly 
on  the  side  of  law  and  order  and  against  all 
anarchy,  mob  rule,  lynching,  and  every  form  of 
lawlessness.  Taxes  are  to  be  paid.  Conse- 
quently military  duty  is  to  be  performed  when 
demanded  by  the  State.  Neither  John  the  Bap- 
tist, nor  Jesus,  nor  Paul  denounced  the  calling  of 
the  soldier.  Paul  urged  prayer  "  for  kings  and 
all  that  are  in  high  place ;  that  we  may  lead  a 
tranquil  and  quiet  life  in  all  godliness  and  grav- 
ity "  (i  Tim.  2  :  2).  The  purpose  of  government 
is  to  make  possible  the  free  exercise  of  all  proper 
liberties  by  the  citizens.  The  government  that 
secures  this  is  a  good  government. 

Even  Nero  began  well.  The  Romans  looked 
back  to  the  first  five  years  of  his  reign  as  the 
golden  quinquennium.  But  he  made  his  closing 


DEMOCEACY'S  DAY  51 

years  a  living  hell  for  the  Roman  world.  His 
very  name  has  become  a  byword.  One  is 
strangely  reminded  of  the  Kaiser's  plea  that  he 
was  a  lover  of  peace  because  for  twenty-five 
years  he  kept  the  peace,  but  all  the  while  he  was 
with  feverish  haste  preparing  to  engulf  the  world 
in  a  war  that  would  make  Nero  green  with  envy 
when  he  thought  of  the  burning  of  Rome  and 
his  fiddling  on  the  housetop.  What  was  a  little 
conflagration  like  that  compared  to  the  desola- 
tion of  Belgium,  Servia,  France,  Roumania, 
Russia  ?  And  yet  Paul  taught  prayer  for  Nero 
after  he  had  begun  to  persecute  Christians. 
Surely  Nero  needed  prayer  if  ever  a  king  did. 
And  Peter  said  :  "  Honour  the  king  "  (i  Pet.  2:17) 
when  Nero  was  putting  Christians  to  the  fiery 
trial  (i  Pet.  i :  7). 

3.    The  Right  of  Revolution. 

There  is  a  limit  to  obedience.  When  civil 
government,  meant  to  be  the  organ  for  order  and 
freedom,  becomes  the  agent  for  tyranny  and  op- 
pression, the  right  of  protest  exists.  Government 
is  of  God  per  se,  but  it  may  be  exercised  in  the 
spirit  of  the  devil.  The  people  have  had  to 
wrest  from  their  rulers  the  right  to  govern  them- 
selves. This  is  a  God-given  right,  not  the 
divine  right  of  kings.  The  Bill  of  Rights  rests 


52  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

upon  the  very  nature  of  man  and  of  society. 
Every  liberty  enjoyed  by  Anglo-Saxon  freedom 
has  been  won  at  a  great  price.  Resistance  to 
government  can  only  be  justified  when  it  is  a 
serious  effort  to  establish  another  government 
that  will  bestow  the  liberty  that  has  been  taken 
from  the  people.  A  brave  spirit  must  say  like 
Luther:  "  I  can  do  no  other.  So  help  me  God." 
It  was  this  spirit  that  made  Peter  and  John  defy 
the  Sanhedrin :  "  for  we  cannot  but  speak  the 
things  which  we  saw  and  heard  "  (Acts  4 :  20). 
Hence  they  refused  to  obey  the  mandate  of  the 
Sanhedrin.  The  Puritans  came  to  New  England 
for  conscience'  sake.  When  George  the  Third 
curtailed  that  freedom,  the  tea  was  hurled  into 
Boston  Bay  and  America  became  the  synonym 
for  the  freedom  of  the  human  spirit.  Here  the 
oppressed  of  all  nations  have  found  refuge. 
Our  land  has  become  a  veritable  crucible  of  the 
nations.  "  When  free  America  joined  this  war 
she  crowned  the  liberty  that  frees  the  slave  with 
the  loyalty  that  creates  the  servant.  She  rose 
from  the  hatred  of  coercion  to  the  reverence  for 
the  moral  authority  of  the  world "  (Forsyth, 
"  The  Roots  of  a  World-Commonwealth,"  p.  23). 

4.    The  Challenge  of  Democracy. 

The  Kaiser  and  the  German  Junkers  have 


DEMOCRACY'S  DAY  63 

challenged  the  right  of  free  men  to  rule  them- 
selves. The  Germans  drank  in  their  private 
feasts  to  Der  Tag.  They  plotted  for  the  day 
when  they  would  feel  themselves  strong  enough 
to  strike  a  swift  blow  against  the  freedom  of  the 
world.  It  was  all  in  their  books  before  the  blow 
fell,  but  it  was  such  a  Satanic  idea  that  the  na- 
tions did  not  take  it  seriously.  A  few  far-seeing 
men  like  Lord  Roberts  of  England  tried  to  arouse 
the  world  to  what  was  coming,  but  all  in  vain. 
The  world  was  taken  unawares,  stunned  by  the 
swift  blow  of  the  burglars  at  night.  Russia 
struck  back  quickly.  Belgium  stood  in  the  path 
of  the  invader  for  two  immortal  weeks  while 
Britain  hurried  over  her  "  contemptible  little 
army  "  that  fought  at  Mons  as  if  the  angels  of 
the  Lord  were  with  them.  And  then  the  French 
turned  round  and  rolled  back  the  Huns  from 
the  Marne  to  the  Aisne.  And  the  world  had  its 
chance  to  save  itself,  a  chance  that  was  taken. 
The  day  had  come  and  heroism  was  not  dead. 
"It  is  a  war  for  democracy  against  dominion. 
It  is  our  last  conflict  with  expiring  feudalism, 
with  its  robber  barons  and  its  helot  crowds " 
(Forsyth,  "The  Roots  of  a  World-Common- 
wealth," p.  22).  It  was  impossible  for  the  demo- 
cratic peoples  to  do  aught  but  resist  if  they 
valued  their  souls.  America  had  to  step  into  the 


64  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

struggle  or  be  a  helot  of  Germany.  America 
then  would  have  been  dead.  The  spirit  of  Lex- 
ington was  at  Chateau-Thierry. 

5.    A  Worthy  Democracy. 

A  democracy  is  not  a  good  in  itself  unless  the 
people  make  it  worth  while.  It  is  right  to  make 
the  world  safe  for  democracy.  But  democracy 
must  also  be  made  safe  for  the  world.  This  can 
only  be  done  when  conscience  and  intelligence 
rule.  A  people  must  be  worthy  to  be  free  before 
they  can  remain  free.  Else  they  are  "  moving 
about  in  worlds  not  realized."  We  come  back 
again  to  the  leadership  of  Jesus :  "  And  ye  shall 
know  the  truth,  and  the  truth  shall  make  you 
free  "  (John  8 : 32).  There  is  no  other  way  to 
remain  free  than  by  the  possession  of  truth  with 
all  that  this  great  word  means.  "  If  therefore  the 
Son  shall  make  you  free,  ye  shall  be  free  indeed  " 
(John  8 : 36).  Jesus  spoke  of  spiritual  freedom 
beyond  a  doubt  and  that  is  what  matters  most. 
One  may  have  political  liberty  and  yet  be  in  intel- 
lectual, moral  and  spiritual  darkness  and  bond- 
age. There  are  plenty  of  slaves  still  in  the 
United  States.  Lincoln  did  not,  and  could  not, 
set  all  the  slaves  free.  We  now  talk  about  the 
white-slave  traffic,  the  bondage  of  childhood  in 
the  factory,  the  oppressor  of  labour  by  capital. 


DEMOCBACY'S  DAY  M 

Millions  of  men  and  women  in  America  get  little 
good  out  of  the  freedom  that  exists  in  our  country 
because  of  their  ignorance,  their  heredity,  their 
environment,  their  vices.  Lynch-law  is  still  a 
reproach  to  America  and,  in  particular,  to  the 
South.  We  shall  not  be  what  we  should  be  till 
conscience  reasserts  itself  in  all  the  walks  of  life. 
"  The  supremacy  of  conscience  is  the  strength  at 
once  of  the  soul,  of  the  nation,  of  humanity ;  and 
conscience  is  less  an  obedience  to  particular  laws 
than  that  reverence  for  law  as  such  which  Ger- 
many has  despised  and  defied.  The  supremacy 
of  conscience  is  much  more  than  its  liberty  ;  and 
its  supremacy  is  its  submission  to  right"  (Forsyth, 
"  The  Roots  of  a  World-Commonwealth,"  p.  23). 
There  can  be  no  freedom  while  truth  is  forever 
on  the  scaffold  and  wrong  forever  on  the  throne. 
We  must  let  mercy  and  truth  meet  together  and 
then  righteousness  and  peace  will  kiss  each 
other.  This  must  be  done  in  public  as  well  as  in 
private  life  if  our  democracy  is  to  live  and  to 
remain  the  beacon  light  for  the  world ;  else  the 
statue  of  liberty  will  be  a  mockery  instead  of  a 
hope. 


IV 
MEN,  NOT  MONEY 

"  For  what  shall  a  man  be  profited,  if  he  shall  gain  the 
whole  world,  and  forfeit  his  life  ;  or  what  shall  a 
man  give  in  exchange  for  his  life  ?  " — Matt.  16  :  26. 

THE  world   has  not  always  agreed  with 
Jesus  in  His  high  estimate  of  human 
life.     The  world,  as  a  whole,  does  not 
yet  agree  with  Him.     But  in  the  new  world  order 
that  is  coming  there  will  be  a  shifting  of  values. 
The  State  will  come  to  see  that  men  are  worth 
more  than  cattle  or  chattel  mortgages.     "  How 
much  then  is  a  man  of  more  value  than  a  sheep?" 
(Matt.  12:12). 

i.    The  Price  of  a  Slave. 

It  is  only  recently  that  the  conscience  of  Chris- 
tendom has  revolted  against  the  traffic  in  human 
life.  It  is  only  half  a  century  since  ministers  of 
the  Gospel  in  this  country  justified  slavery  as  a 
divine  institution.  And  it  required  the  Civil 
War  to  break  the  power  of  slavery  upon  the  life 
of  the  South  whose  wealth  and  civilization  had 

56 


MEN,  NOT  MONET  57 

come  to  be  grounded  upon  that  system.  At 
St.  Augustine  the  old  slave  market  still  stands 
though  the  famous  St.  Louis  Hotel  in  New 
Orleans  with  its  stand  for  the  sale  of  slaves  has 
been  torn  down.  It  was  the  stress  of  war  that 
gave  Lincoln  the  courage  to  emancipate  the 
slaves.  Wilberforce  had  already  led  Britain  to 
free  her  slaves.  It  is  an  ancient  evil  that  had 
become  part  and  parcel  of  man's  government. 
It  is  sometimes  objected  that  the  New  Testament 
does  not  attack  slavery,  but  it  does  attack  it. 
The  attack  is  made  by  the  inculcation  of  love  for 
a  man  as  a  man.  In  returning  the  converted 
runaway  slave,  Onesimus,  to  his  master  Philemon, 
Paul  urges  that  he  be  treated  "  no  longer  as  a 
servant,  but  more  than  a  servant,  a  brother  be- 
loved, specially  to  me,  but  how  much  rather  to 
thee  both  in  the  flesh  and  in  the  Lord."  It  is 
not  possible  to  surpass  the  delicacy  of  that  sen- 
tence. "  Receive  him  as  myself,"  Paul  adds,  and 
also  this :  "  knowing  that  thou  wilt  do  even  be- 
yond what  I  say."  Paul  says,  "  I  will  repay  " 
whatever  he  owes.  This  is  the  technical  lan- 
guage found  often  in  the  papyri  (Deissmann, 
"Light  from  the  Ancient  East,"  p.  335).  Paul 
gives  his  note  of  hand  for  the  debt  of  Onesimus 
to  Philemon.  It  is  this  new  love  in  Christ  that 
has  shaken  the  shackles  from  the  hands  of  slaves. 


68  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

Love  of  money  gripped  the  minds  of  men  for 
long  so  that  even  Christian  men  could  not  see 
that  freedom  belonged  to  all  men.  Paul  saw 
that  in  Christ  Jesus  "  there  can  be  neither  bond 
nor  free  "  (Gal.  3 : 28).  He  saw  it  and  dared  to 
proclaim  it,  though  the  slave  had  to  learn  to  be 
"  the  Lord's  freedman  "  even  if  unable  to  throw 
off  man's  yoke  and  the  freeman  must  not  forget 
that  he  was  "Christ's  bondservant"  (i  Cor. 
7 : 22). 

This  was  no  time-serving  policy,  but  the  ap- 
plication of  Christianity  to  hard  conditions  that 
could  not  be  changed  at  once.  "  Ye  were  bought 
with  a  price ;  become  not  bondservants  of  man  " 
(7  : 23).  The  freeman  must  not  take  on  the  yoke 
of  servitude,  for  he  was  "  bought  with  a  price," 
the  blood  of  Jesus.  The  very  word  "ransom" 
(lutron)  was  common  in  the  papyri  and  in- 
scriptions as  the  price  of  a  slave.  The  Chris- 
tian is  "the  Lord's  freedman,"  manumitted 
from  the  bondage  of  sin,  and  set  free  to  a  life  of 
goodness.  The  inscriptions  give  a  vast  number 
of  examples  of  slaves  purchased  and  set  free. 
Many  of  them  expressly  forbid  the  enslavement 
of  these  freedmen  again  (cf.  Deissmann,  "  Light 
from  the  Ancient  East,"  pp.  328  ff.).  For  freedom 
did  Christ  set  us  free  (Gal.  5:1).  The  language 
of  Paul  occurs  repeatedly  in  these  inscriptions 


MEN,  NOT  MONEY  50 

The  price  paid  to  set  the  slave  free  was  the 
"ransom,"  the  very  word  that  Jesus  employed 
for  the  price  that  He  paid  to  set  men  free  from 
sin  (Matt.  20 : 28  ;  Mark  10 : 45).  Jesus  cancelled 
the  bond  against  us  and  nailed  it  to  the  Cross 
(Col.  2  : 14),  where  it  is  on  file. 

How  much  is  this  slave  worth?  How  much 
will  you  give?  We  shudder  at  that  question. 
We  even  refuse  to  translate  the  Greek  word  for 
slave  (doulos)  in  the  New  Testament  literally,  but 
use  servant  or  bondservant.  But  Paul  appealed 
to  these  slaves  directly  and  called  himself  Christ's 
slave  (Phil,  i :  i).  The  new  sense  of  human 
worth  in  Christ  made  some  slaves  know  that 
they  were  worth  more  than  their  masters  whom 
they  were  tempted  to  despise  (i  Tim.  6 : 22). 
There  were  seven  million  slaves  in  the  Roman 
Empire.  We  have  overthrown  legal  slavery 
and  nominal  slavery  in  this  country.  But  our 
jails  and  penitentiaries  often  make  slaves  of  our 
prisoners.  The  convict  system  and  peonage  are 
often  virtual  slavery.  The  white-slave  traffic  is 
a  terrible  fact  and  we  have  done  little  to  save 
American  girls.  We  still  allow  factories  and 
stores  to  make  virtual  slaves  of  young  girls. 
Sweatshops  still  wear  down  the  fingers  and  the 
souls  of  sewing  women.  We  have  not  yet 
shaken  loose  the  grip  of  gold  on  human  life. 


60  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

This  juggernaut  still  grinds  into  powder  the  lives 
of  millions  while  we  charge  it  up  to  the  neces- 
sities of  industry  and  commerce.  We. commend 
the  poor  in  tenement  halls  to  the  words  of  Jesus 
about  the  birds  for  whom  God  cares :  "  Are  not 
ye  of  much  more  value  than  they  ?"  (Matt.  6 :  26). 
But  not  yet  have  we  made  it  clear  that  we  really 
care  more  for  human  life  than  for  stock  dividends. 
"  Behold  the  hire  of  the  labourers  who  mowed 
your  fields,  which  is  of  you  kept  back  by  fraud, 
crieth  out:  and  the  cries  of  them  that  reaped 
have  entered  into  the  ears  of  the  Lord  of  Sab- 
aoth "  (James  5 :  4).  Clearly  James  was  not 
afraid  to  speak  plainly  to  rich  men  who  ground 
down  their  employees. 

2.    The  Price  of  a  Soul. 

The  worth  of  a  man  is  not  in  his  cattle  or  in 
his  bonds.  The  price  of  a  man  is  his  own  soul. 
The  miser  sells  his  soul  for  gold.  A  Chicago 
miser  is  reported  to  have  willed  his  soul  to  the 
devil.  It  was  a  needless  formality.  The  devil 
already  owned  him  (Rom.  6 : 16).  Jesus  has 
drawn  the  immortal  picture  of  the  rich  fool  who 
fed  his  soul  on  grain  and  goods :  "  And  I  will 
say  to  my  soul,  Soul,  thou  hast  much  goods  laid 
up  for  many  years  ;  take  thine  ease,  eat,  drink ; 
be  merry  "  (Luke  12  : 19).  Here  is  a  picture  to 


MEN,  NOT  MONEY  61 

the  life  of  the  war-profiteer  who  has  made  himself 
rich  at  the  expense  of  his  country's  life,  who  has 
raised  the  price  of  coal  or  eggs,  or  corn,  or 
wheat,  or  beef,  just  because  he  could  get  a  corner 
on  this  or  that  commodity,  regardless  of  the 
famine  of  the  poor  or  the  pinch  of  the  cold.  In 
the  new  day  that  is  coming  there  will  be  no 
room  for  such  traitors.  God  has  no  room  for 
them  now.  "  But  God  said  unto  him,  Thou  fool- 
ish one,  this  night  is  thy  soul  required  of  thee  ; 
and  the  things  which  thou  hast  prepared,  whose 
shall  they  be  ?  So  is  he  that  layeth  up  treasures 
for  himself,  and  is  not  rich  towards  God " 
(12  :  20  f.).  The  parallel  is  complete.  Selfishness 
destroys  one's  sense  of  the  worth  of  the  souls  of 
others.  In  the  ledger  of  life  one  loses  who  makes 
gold  the  goal  of  his  life.  In  so  doing  he  loses 
his  real  life  even  if  he  gains  the  whole  world 
(Matt.  16 : 26).  What  is  a  billion  dollars  beside 
the  man's  real  self  ?  "  For  man's  life  consisteth 
not  in  the  abundance  of  the  things  which  he  pos- 
sesseth "  (Luke  12:15).  And  "life"  is  more 
than  the  fleeting  span  here  on  earth.  The  man 
who  tries  to  save  this  life  may  lose  eternal  life 
(Matt.  1 6 :  25).  It  is  a  coward  who  hesitates  to 
offer  his  life  for  country  and  for  God. 

The  true  philosophy  of  life  is  sacrifice  as  Jesus 
taught  and  proved  for  us  all  (John  12 : 24-26). 


62  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

We  have  Christ's  estimate  of  the  worth  of  the 
»oul  which  is  the  higher  life  of  man.  He  died 
upon  the  Cross  to  save  our  lives.  He  gave  His 
life  as  a  ransom  for  our  lives  (Matt.  20 : 28).  The 
soul  of  a  man  is  worth  the  blood  of  Christ,  for 
He  paid  that  price  to  set  us  free  (Matt.  26 : 28). 
And  yet  the  Gospels  picture  a  rich  young  ruler 
who  came  to  Jesus  desiring  to  serve  Him  and  to 
win  eternal  life.  But  so  great  was  the  uncon- 
scious grip  of  money  on  his  soul  that  he  was  not 
willing  to  part  with  his  gold  at  the  call  of  Christ. 
He  fell  back  with  a  sad  countenance  into  the 
clutches  of  mammon  his  master  (Mark  10 : 17-22). 
Such  a  man,  when  the  test  comes,  will  sell  his 
country  for  gold  as  Bolo  Pasha  tried  to  betray 
France  for  German  gold.  Patriots  cannot  be 
made  out  of  those  who  worship  the  money  devil. 
A  new  dignity  has  come  to  humanity  by  the  In- 
carnation of  Christ  and  by  His  death  for  sinners. 
The  atonement  is  made  plainer  in  the  light  of 
the  trenches  in  France.  Never  was  human 
blood  shed  so  freely  and  never  was  manhood  so 
highly  valued  as  now.  The  real  man-power  of 
the  country  must  be  trained  for  the  country,  to 
live  for  it  or  to  die  for  it  as  comes  the  call. 

3.    The  Worth  of  a  Nation. 

What  is  the  value  of  the  United  States  ?    The 


MEN,  NOT  MONEY  66 

monetary  value  is  put  at  two  hundred  and  fifty 
billion  dollars,  a  staggering  total  beyond  that  of 
any  nation  in  history.  And  yet  the  Germans 
despised  us  as  worshippers  of  the  "  Almighty 
Dollar."  They  did  not  believe  that  we  would 
spend  our  money  and  our  blood  to  keep  the 
world  free  so  long  as  we  could  make  money.  It 
is  humiliating  to  admit  that  there  was  some 
ground  for  this  slander  because  of  the  greed  for 
gold  shown  by  some  of  our  citizens.  But  the 
heart  of  America  is  sound  and  has  rallied  nobly 
to  the  altruistic  appeal  of  Belgium,  Britain, 
France,  Italy,  Roumania,  Russia  and  Serbia. 
We  are  not  a  nation  of  shopkeepers  simply. 
We  are  not  the  slaves  of  gold.  What  is  the 
worth  of  America?  Let  the  war  answer  that. 
We  are  not  trying  to  serve  God  and  mammon. 
We  are  worth  to  the  world  what  we  are  willing 
to  do  for  the  world.  We  are  worth  what  the 
sum  total  of  our  citizens  comes  to.  This  result 
is  not  a  financial  calculation,  but  a  moral  and 
spiritual  appraisement.  Little  Greece  at  Mara- 
thon, Salamis,  and  Thermopylae  was  worth  more 
than  the  hordes  of  Persia.  Athens  under  Peri- 
cles outweighs  the  splendour  of  Babylon.  Pales- 
tine has  been  worth  more  to  the  race  than  all  of 
China  and  India.  Manhood  is  the  true  standard 
of  value  for  a  nation.  The  war  has  not  changed 


64  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

the  value  of  life.     It  has  simply  helped  us  to  see 
more  clearly  what  is  our  real  wealth. 

In  the  new  citizenship  there  will  be  no  taking 
advantage  of  each  other  just  because  we  can. 
Jesus  has  shown  the  character  of  the  servant  who 
laid  hold  of  another  servant  "  and  took  him  by 
the  throat,  saying,  Pay  what  thou  owest "  (Matt. 
1 8 : 28).  That  spirit  must  be  ostracized  if  we 
are  to  be  a  nation  of  freemen,  of  brothers,  of 
co-workers,  striving  to  make  a  commonwealth 
that  is  rich  in  manhood  and  so  rich  towards  God. 
Burns  sang  the  song  of  Christ  when  he  urged 
that  "  A  man's  a  man  for  a'  that."  The  beggar, 
licked  by  the  dogs  and  fed  by  the  crumbs  from 
the  rich  man's  table,  may  be  of  more  moral 
worth  than  the  rich  man  who  grinds  down  the 
poor  by  legal  or  illegal  processes  (Luke  16: 
19-31).  If  the  love  of  money  is  a  root  from 
which  all  kinds  of  evil  spring  for  the  individual 
(i  Tim.  6 : 10),  it  is  no  less  so  for  the  State.  If  it 
is  filthy  lucre  for  the  deacon  (i  Tim.  3 : 8)  and 
the  preacher  (Tit.  i :  7),  it  is  equally  so  for  the 
politician.  There  is  no  difference  between  pri- 
vate and  public  morals.  The  State  is  itself  sub- 
ject to  the  same  code  that  it  applies  to  the 
citizen.  The  men  of  worth  are  not  necessarily 
the  men  of  millions.  The  land  of  worth  is  not 
the  land  of  billions  of  money  or  millions  of  men. 


MEN,  NOT  MONEY  65 

The  land  worth  while  is  the  land  that  grows  men 
who  are  godlike  in  character.  These  are  the 
"  happy  warriors."  This  is  the  country  that  will 
rule  the  world  by  weight  of  character  and  wealth 
of  love.  Without  it  we  shall  go  the  way  of  all 
the  nations  that  forget  God. 

The  war  tested  every  nation.  Germany  tried 
to  frighten  Belgium  and  to  buy  Britain,  but  both 
nations  rose  to  heights  of  grandeur  and  stood  by 
glorious  France  in  her  hour  of  peril.  The  Czars 
and  Kaisers  have  gone,  but  King  Albert  and 
King  George  have  won  the  admiration  of  the 
world.  In  all  of  Britain's  long  and  great  history 
she  never  shone  with  so  steady  a  light  as  now  in 
the  hour  of  supreme  victory.  That  man  of  the 
people,  Lloyd-George,  carried  the  war  to  victory 
and  has  taken  his  place  beside  Cromwell  and 
Chatham,  as  Clemenceau  and  Foch  embody  the 
new  greatness  of  France.  Italy  found  her  soul 
in  this  struggle. 


WOMAN  THE  NEW  CITIZEN 

"  There  can  be  no  male  and  female ;  for  ye  are  all  one 
in  Christ  Jesus." — Gal.  j :  28. 

i.    The  Prejudice  against  Woman. 

IT  may  be  that  once  in  the  history  of  the  race 
woman  was  stronger  than  man,  that  she 
was  the  provider  and  the  protector,  and  that 
man  only  gradually  won  supremacy  in  the 
struggle  with  the  sex  that  he  now  calls  the 
weaker  sex.  We  are  not  in  a  position  to  dis- 
cuss scientifically  that  problem  though  Kipling 
makes  out  a  plausible  plea  for  the  greater  feroc- 
ity of  the  female  of  the  species  among  the  lower 
animals.  But  as  a  rule  among  men,  the  woman 
is  treated  as  inferior  to  man  in  physical  and  in- 
tellectual power,  that  is  on  the  average.  The 
ancients  reveal  a  curious  sex  prejudice  against 
woman  that  survives  to-day  among  the  Moham- 
medans in  the  Orient  and  in  India  and  China. 
Among  the  Greeks  woman  led  a  secluded  life. 
In  Macedonia  woman  had  unwonted  freedom. 
The  Roman  woman  had  a  trifle  more  liberty. 

But    Ferrero    shows    in    his   "Women    of   the 

66 


WOMAN  THE  NEW  CITIZEN  67 

Caesars"  that  the  self-indulgent  life  of  women 
of  wealth  led  to  the  downfall  of  the  Roman 
Empire.  The  hetairce  in  Greece  were  like  the 
geisha  girls  of  Japan.  The  Jews  showed  more 
regard  for  women  than  other  orientals.  But  we 
see  this  prejudice  against  woman  in  the  New 
Testament  times.  The  Samaritan  woman  was 
surprised  that  Jesus,  a  Jew,  would  speak  to  her 
a  Samaritan  and  a  woman  besides  (John  4 : 5). 
Jesus  rose  above  both  race  prejudice  and  sex 
prejudice.  The  disciples  reveal  the  Jewish  feel- 
ing when  "  they  marvelled  that  he  was  speaking 
with  a  woman"  (4:27).  They  hesitated  to  re- 
proach Jesus  because  of  His  conduct  in  thus 
publicly  speaking  with  a  woman,  conduct  re- 
garded as  unbecoming  a  Jewish  teacher.  We 
thus  catch  a  glimpse  of  the  chasm  that  existed 
in  popular  Jewish  and  Samaritan  opinion  be- 
tween man  and  woman.  One  of  the  prayers  of 
the  Pharisees  preserved  in  the  Talmud  was  grati- 
tude to  God  "  who  hath  not  made  me  a  Gentile,  a 
slave,  a  woman  "  (Taylor,  "  Sayings  of  the  Jewish 
Fathers,"  pp.  137-140).  Paul  in  Galatians  3  :  28 
directly  challenges  this  Jewish  prejudice  of  race, 
class,  and  sex.  Christ  came  to  set  women  free 
as  truly  as  to  break  the  fetters  of  race  and  class 
(John  8 : 32,  36).  Only  where  the  message  of 
Jesus  has  gone  has  freedom  come  to  woman  and 


68  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

slowly  even  then  as  the  truth  has  made  its  way. 
A  strict  Jew  "  might  not  talk  with  a  woman  on 
the  street,  even  if  she  were  his  wife  or  daughter 
or  sister "  (Smith,  "  In  the  Days  of  His  Flesh," 
p.  77.  Cf.  Lightfoot  and  Wetstein  on  John  4 : 27). 
The  Bleeding  Pharisee  closed  his  eyes  as  he 
walked  lest  he  should  see  a  woman  and  so 
knocked  his  head  against  the  wall  until  the 
blood  came  (cf.  Lightfoot  on  Matt.  3 : 7).  But 
strangest  of  all  is  this:  "Whoso  instructs  his 
daughter  in  the  law,  teaches  her  evil  ways  "  (Sot. 
21:2).  Fortunately  not  all  Jews  were  so  narrow, 
for  Timothy  was  taught  from  a  child  the  Scrip- 
tures by  his  mother  Eunice  and  his  grandmother 
Lois  (2  Tim.  1:5;  3  : 14  f.).  Great  women  have 
distinguished  themselves  in  Jewish  history.  The 
Mother  of  Jesus  is  conspicuous  for  her  nobility 
and  spiritual  elevation.  But  we  must  never  for- 
get that  Jesus  is  the  great  liberator  of  woman. 
It  is  small  wonder  that  a  band  of  grateful  women 
who  had  been  healed  of  various  diseases  organ- 
ized themselves  to  contribute  to  the  support  of 
Christ's  work  (Luke  8  :  i  f.).  Women  have  al- 
ways been  active  in  the  support  of  Christianity. 
Women  have  instinctively  felt  that  Jesus  under- 
stood them  and  wished  for  them  the  fullest 
development  commensurate  with  the  facts  of 
nature. 


WOMAN  THE  NEW  CITIZEN  69 

a.    Woman's  Peculiar  Sphere. 

Woman  is  different  from  man  whether  weaker 
or  stronger.  She  is  certainly  superior  to  man  in 
the  moral  and  spiritual  realm.  Perhaps  keen 
knowledge  of  this  fact  explains  part  of  man's 
jealousy  of  her  encroachment  upon  his  peculiar 
sphere  of  activity.  The  Kaiser  has  brusquely 
said  that  woman  should  confine  her  activities  to 
Kinder,  Kuche,  and  Kirche  (Children,  Kitchen, 
and  Church).  Most  women  at  present  are  not 
taking  orders  from  the  Kaiser,  who  can  no  more 
stop  the  onward  march  of  true  femininity  than 
Mrs  Partington  could  sweep  back  the  Atlantic 
Ocean.  Not  all  women  marry ;  they  feel  entitled 
to  the  privilege  of  living  their  own  lives  accord- 
ing to  the  bent  of  their  real  personality.  And 
yet  it  remains  true  that  marriage  is  the  chief 
vocation  of  woman.  There  is  no  calling  com- 
parable to  that  of  wife  and  mother.  No  new 
conditions  can  ever  change  this  fundamental 
social  fact.  The  woman  who  does  well  her  part 
in  making  a  home  is  contributing  most  to  build- 
ing the  State  and  also  the  Kingdom  of  God. 
"  To  bear  and  rear  healthy  children  is  the  most 
important  of  race  functions"  (Vedder,  "The 
Gospel  of  Jesus  and  the  Problems  of  Democ- 
racy," p.  93).  Jesus  set  His  seal  upon  marriage 
and  demanded  loyalty  and  purity  on  the  part  of 


70  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

husband  and  wife  (Matt.  19 : 4-6).  The  New 
Testament  exalts  marriage  and  seeks  to  protect 
it.  Paul  likens  the  marriage  relation  to  the  love 
of  Christ  and  His  Church  (Eph.  5  :  22-33). 

Much  of  the  reluctance  to  admit  women  to 
political  and  economic  privileges  has  been  due 
to  a  vague  fear  that  somehow  the  sanctity  of  the 
family  relation  would  be  marred.  Men  have 
imagined  that  the  bloom  and  charm  of  innocence 
will  be  brushed  away  from  the  young  woman 
who  steps  out  as  the  competitor  of  man  in  pub- 
lic life.  Some  wish  on  principle  to  keep  woman 
dependent  on  man.  Others  are  honestly  con- 
vinced that  woman  cannot  leave  the  seclusion  of 
home  life  without  irreparable  loss.  It  is  argued 
that  by  ruling  the  home  women  in  reality  do 
rule  the  nation.  There  is  no  doubt  of  woman's 
power.  The  husband  is  the  technical  head  of  the 
house,  but  the  wife  is  the  real  power  in  the  home. 
She  manages  her  husband  and  trains  her  chil- 
dren for  God  and  the  country  and  the  world. 
But  the  leaders  of  feminism  have  not  been  satis- 
fied with  the  home  as  the  only  sphere  of  activity 
for  woman.  A  writer  in  The  Century  (April, 
1914)  puts  their  purpose  thus,  "To  meet  life  un- 
tainted ;  to  labour,  to  succeed  or  fail,  as  human 
individuals  only  ;  to  feel  handicapped  by  nature 
only,  not  by  men ;  to  seek  their  own  success  in 


WOMAN  THE  NEW  CITIZEN  71 

self-chosen  appropriate  paths  unhampered  by 
laws  or  conventions  from  which  men  are  ex- 
empt." 

3.    Women  Winning  Freedom. 

Slowly  they  have  won  it,  slowly  till  the  great 
war  came.  Now  they  are  winning  with  the  rush 
of  the  flood.  Jesus  started  them  upon  the  up- 
ward path.  Paul  saw  the  essential  justice  of 
their  cause  in  spite  of  limitations  that  he  defined, 
due  partly  to  nature  and  partly  to  environment. 
Paul  did  not  mean  to  open  the  door  to  women  in 
everything  any  more  than  he  meant  to  close  it 
everywhere.  It  is  a  complex  problem,  the  prog- 
ress of  woman,  complicated  by  heredity,  environ- 
ment, custom,  and  education.  We  have  seen 
that  some  of  the  stricter  Jews  thought  it  was  im- 
piety to  teach  a  woman  anything.  But  Philip's 
daughters  prophesied  (Acts  21  :g).  Priscilla 
(and  Aquila)  taught  the  gifted  Apollos  the  way 
of  the  Lord  more  accurately  (Acts  18 : 26). 
Women  were  active  in  the  work  of  early  Chris- 
tianity and  Phoebe  was  a  deaconess  of  the  church 
at  Cenchreae  (Rom.  16 :  i).  Paul  had  women 
helpers  who  laboured  with  him  in  the  gospel 
(Phil.  4: 3). 

Why  have  women  of  recent  years  become  so 
insistent  for  wider  opportunities  ?  Why  have  wer 


72  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

heard  so  much  about  woman's  rights  and 
woman's  wrongs  ?  At  bottom  the  chief  reason 
is  the  greater  education  of  women.  The  rise  of 
women's  colleges  of  the  same  grade  as  those  for 
men  has  created  the  New  Woman.  The  larger 
universities  and  colleges  have  opened  their 
doors  to  women.  The  women  have  not  only 
held  their  own,  but  have  surpassed  men  in  many 
of  their  studies.  Women  have  now  almost  a 
monopoly  of  teaching  in  the  public  school  system 
of  the  country. 

In  1900  one-fifth  of  the  women  of  the  country 
were  engaged  in  industrial  life.  The  proportion 
is  far  greater  now  since  the  war  has  taken  so 
many  men  to  the  front.  Doors  have  sprung 
open  to  women  in  Britain,  France,  and  the 
United  States  that  were  never  opened  before. 
And  the  women  have  been  ready  to  meet  the 
crisis.  Their  education  is  not  all  theory.  Not 
simply  by  their  incomparable  service  in  the  Red 
Cross  work  have  they  distinguished  themselves. 
Britain  could  not  have  met  the  demand  for 
munitions  if  her  women  had  not  gone  to  the 
factory  and  to  the  field.  Much  of  this  is  abnor- 
mal, it  is  true.  But  it  will  never  be  possible  to 
say  about  these  great  spheres  of  activity  that 
women  cannot  function  here.  It  has  been  done. 

The  fight  for  the  right  to  study  and  practice 


WOMAN  THE  NEW  CITIZEN  73 

medicine  was  long  and  bitter.  The  recent  life 
of  Dr.  Sophia  Jex-Blake  by  Dr.  Margaret  Todd 
shows  the  fierceness  of  the  struggle  and  how  at 
last  victory  came.  She  belonged  to  a  proud 
English  family  and  fought  her  way  first  into  the 
teaching  profession  and  received  a  salary  and 
then  into  the  medical  profession  and  opened  the 
doors  of  British  prejudice  for  other  women.  Her 
mother  stood  out  against  her  as  long  as  she 
dared,  but  loved  her  even  when  she  did  not  un- 
derstand. The  tragedy  of  the  New  Woman's 
triumph  is  in  this  book. 

Methods  of  the  suffragettes  in  England  well- 
nigh  ruined  the  struggle  for  the  ballot.  But  the 
war  gave  British  women  their  chance  and  they 
used  it  nobly.  Britain  responded  handsomely 
and  women  now  have  the  ballot  there.  It  is 
coming  to  them  rapidly  in  the  United  States  in 
spite  of  foolish  efforts  like  those  of  the  White 
House  picketers.  The  people  will  send  senators 
who  will  vote  for  woman's  suffrage.  The  women 
will  get  it  because  they  are  entitled  to  it.  They 
are  worthy  of  equal  rights  before  the  law  and 
they  will  make  good  citizens.  They  pay  taxes 
and  they  have  as  much  at  stake  as  men  in  the 
laws  that  are  made.  Indeed,  it  is  the  forces  of 
evil  that  have  made  the  chief  fight  against  votes 
for  women.  The  liquor  interests  have  opposed 


74  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

women  everywhere.  They  felt  that  the  masses 
of  the  women  would  favour  prohibition,  that  the 
women  cared  more  for  their  men  and  their  boys 
than  for  money.  The  whiskey  men  have  not 
forgotten  the  figure  of  Frances  Willard  who  put 
temperance  Sunday  in  the  Sunday  School  lessons 
and  placed  the  teaching  about  alcohol  in  the 
public  schools.  Prohibition  is  her  victory  and 
her  monument.  Those  who  have  exploited 
women  have  opposed  votes  for  women  for  they 
fear  the  resentment  of  women  against  them. 
"  The  New  York  clothing  trade  has  made  a  few 
millionaires  and  thousands  of  consumptives" 
(Vedder,  "  The  Gospel  of  Jesus  and  the  Problems 
of  Democracy,"  p.  93). 

The  double  standard  of  morals  exists  not 
simply  in  the  vice  problem  but  in  the  wages  paid 
women  and  girls  merely  because  they  are  not 
men.  It  is  impossible  for  Christian  citizens  to 
remain  indifferent  to  the  wrongs  that  exist  in  our 
land  against  women.  "  Even  Russia  has  more 
humane  laws  for  the  protection  of  women  than 
some  of  our  American  states.  Pennsylvania, 
second  among  our  commonwealths  in  popula- 
tion, wealth,  and  industries,  ranks  twenty-sixth 
in  her  labour  legislation  for  women  and  children. 
Ponder  it  well,  men  of  America.  We  are  the 
most  backward  country  on  earth  that  pretends 


WOMAN  THE  NEW  CITIZEN  76 

to  the  possession  of  a  Christian  civilization,  in 
the  protection  of  womanhood  "  (ibid.,  p.  92).  At 
last  we  shall  make  a  beginning.  We  must  go 
further  and  give  women  all  protection  and  op- 
portunity. If  discrimination  is  to  be  made, 
chivalry  would  require  that  it  be  made  in 
woman's  favour,  not  against  her. 

To  be  sure,  the  new  opportunity  for  woman 
will  bring  her  a  corresponding  responsibility. 
The  new  woman  will  have  her  freedom  to  be  her 
real  self  in  service  for  the  race.  She  should  not 
lose  the  grace  and  charm  of  the  old  life.  Her 
problem  is  how  to  remain  man's  queen  while 
she  competes  with  him,  to  charm  him  while  she 
outruns  him  in  the  race.  The  millennium  will 
not  be  ushered  in  by  giving  women  the  ballot. 
But  it  will  make  possible  a  good  deal  of  political 
house  cleaning  that  is  very  badly  needed.  It 
will  put  out  of  business  a  good  many  pot-house 
politicians  who  have  settled  affairs  of  state  in 
back-stairs  conference.  It  will  confirm  the  new 
drift  towards  insisting  on  righteousness  in  all 
state  affairs.  It  is  an  old  word,  this  word  right- 
eousness, but  it  is  coming  into  fashion  again. 
The  women  will  help  to  make  it  fashionable  in 
our  legislative  halls  and  in  our  city  councils.  It 
appears  now  much  more  in  the  daily  press.  It 
still  halts  on  the  lips  of  some  politicians,  but  they 


76  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

are  learning  how  to  spell  it.  The  Kaiser  has 
done  his  share  unwittingly  to  bring  it  back. 
"  The  Emperor,  the  head  of  the  German  Church, 
wages  a  war  which  he  admits  to  have  no  relation 
to  righteousness,  but  only  to  necessity.  That  is 
the  bully's  plea.  And  it  seems  to  me  Satanic  " 
(Forsyth,  "The  Roots  of  a  World-Common- 
wealth," p.  n).  And  yet  one  recalls  the  fact 
that  women  who  were  given  the  ballot  have  not 
voted  as  freely  as  one  could  have  expected. 
And  many  women  have  opposed  the  granting  of 
suffrage  to  women.  But  the  new  day  has  come. 
May  it  bring  only  blessings. 


VI 

CHILDREN  THE  TRUE  NATIONAL 
WEALTH 

"  And  he  took  a  little  child,  and  set  him  by  his  side  in 
the  midst  of  them." — Mark  p  :  36 ;  Luke  p  :  ^7. 

THE  world   has  been  slow  to  learn  the 
worth  of  children  both  in  themselves 
and  their  relation  to  the  progress  of  the 
race.     The  place  of  the  child  has  been  unstable 
through  the  centuries.     The  cause  of  the  child 
has  a   better  hearing  now  where  the  spirit  of 
Jesus  prevails. 

i.    The  Discovery  of  the  Child. 

For  it  is  Jesus  who  has  given  the  child  his  true 
place  in  the  affection  of  the  world.  He  has  made 
the  child's  world  which  is  now  so  rich  and 
glorious.  "  In  pre-Christian  times  the  child  was 
thought  of  more  as  an  asset,  and  was  little  valued 
for  its  intrinsic  personal  worth  "  (Gardner,  "  The 
Ethics  of  Jesus  and  the  Social  Progress,"  p.  331). 
It  is  true  that  the  orientals,  that  is  those  in  the 
near  east,  look  upon  children  as  the  gift  of  God. 
Rachel  cried  :  "  Give  me  children  or  else  I  die  " 

77 


78  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

(Gen.  30:1).  The  Psalmist  (127:3)  calls  them 
the  heritage  of  the  Lord.  In  particular,  was  a 
male  child  a  cause  for  rejoicing  (Ps.  128 13).  The 
Messianic  hope  gave  special  value  to  the  son 
who  might  be  the  child  of  promise.  The  first- 
born son  belonged  to  God  (Num.  3 : 44  ff.)  in 
gratitude  for  the  sparing  of  the  first-born  in 
Israel  when  the  avenging  angel  passed  over 
Egypt.  And  the  ancients  had  the  custom  of 
offering  the  first-born  in  actual  sacrifice  to  their 
gods,  a  custom  condemned  in  Israel  and  yet  re- 
flected in  the  ceremony  of  redeeming  the  first- 
born in  memory  of  the  passover  in  Egypt.  We 
see  it  in  the  experience  of  Abraham  with  Isaac  on 
Mount  Moriah.  The  bones  of  little  children  have 
been  found  in  jars  placed  in  the  corner  of  the 
new  house  as  a  sacrifice  to  the  gods  of  Palestine. 
But  the  high  value  placed  upon  children  by  Jesus 
contrasted  sharply  with  the  brutality  of  their 
neighbours  who  threw  their  children  into  the  fire 
to  Moloch. 

Infanticide  was  so  common  in  the  Roman  Em- 
pire that  nothing  was  thought  of  it  at  all.  Even 
Plato  and  Aristotle  reflected  the  indifference  of 
the  Greeks  as  to  the  life  of  the  unborn.  Gibbon 
says  that  the  "  exposing  of  children  was  the  pre- 
vailing and  stubborn  vice  of  antiquity."  Hous- 
ton in  his  "  Anno  Domini "  asserts  that  the 


CHILDEEN  TEUE  NATIONAL  WEALTH    79 

Empire  of  Augustus  was  crimsoned  with  the 
blood  of  infants.  Herod's  cruelty  to  the  babes 
in  Bethlehem  was  only  one  small  item  in  the 
vast  debauch  of  crime.  In  B.  C.  I  Hilarion  writes 
to  his  wife  Alis  concerning  their  expected  child  : 
"  If  it  is  a  male,  let  it  live  ;  if  it  is  a  female,  ex- 
pose it"  ("Papyrus  Oxyrhynchus,"  744).  His 
brutal  language  is  a  true  index  to  the  ancient 
heathen  view  of  childhood,  and,  alas,  to  the 
present  heathen  view  in  India  and  in  China. 
Pillars  exist  in  China  where  babes  are  exposed 
to  be  picked  up  by  the  passer-by  if  he  wills  or  to 
perish  if  left  alone.  One  wishes  that  he  could 
truthfully  say  that  children  are  always  welcome 
in  Christian  homes  and  that  in  our  own  land 
abortion  and  infanticide  were  never  practiced. 
Something  can  be  said  for  a  proper  birth-control 
that  does  not  tend  towards  race-suicide.  But 
homes  of  wealth  and  culture  show  fewer  children 
while  the  ignorant,  the  poor,  the  diseased,  and 
even  the  criminal  multiply.  This  bodes  no  good 
for  society.  But  not  all  the  Jews  rightly  esti- 
mated the  worth  of  the  child.  In  Sirach  we 
read :  "  Treat  tenderly  a  child,  and  he  shall 
make  thee  afraid ;  play  with  him  and  he  will 
bring  thee  to  heaviness.  Laugh  not  with  him, 
lest  thou  have  sorrow  with  him,  and  lest  thou 
gnash  thy  teeth  in  the  end "  (Sirach  30 : 9  f.). 


80  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

Once  more  note  this  sentiment:  "Hast  thou 
daughters?  Have  a  care  for  their  body,  and 
carry  not  a  cheerful  face  towards  them  "  (Sirach 

7 : 24). 

Surely  this  spirit  is  at  utter  variance  with 
that  of  Jesus.  Even  His  disciples  rebuked  the 
mothers  who  brought  their  children  to  Jesus 
that  He  might  lay  His  hands  upon  them  (Matt. 
19 : 13).  Preachers,  alas,  have  sometimes  felt 
children  to  be  in  the  way  at  church.  But  Jesus 
was  indignant  at  the  interference  of  the  dis- 
ciples and  sternly  rebuked  them  and  bade  them 
let  the  children  come  to  Him.  He  took  them  in 
His  arms  and  blessed  them  and  made  their  spirit 
the  symbol  of  that  required  for  all  who  enter  the 
kingdom  of  heaven  (Matt.  10:13-16).  Christ 
loved  children  and  understood  children.  It  is 
impossible  to  overestimate  the  value  to  child- 
hood of  the  conduct  and  words  of  Jesus  in  work- 
ing a  revolution  in  the  hearts  of  men  and  women. 
On  another  occasion  Jesus  rebuked  the  ambition 
of  the  disciples  by  placing  a  little  child,  perhaps 
Peter's  child,  in  the  midst  of  them  right  by  His 
own  side  (Mark  9 : 36 ;  Luke  9 : 47).  The  child 
is  always  at  home  by  the  side  of  Jesus  or  in  His 
arms.  Jesus  wrought  various  miracles  on  chil- 
dren and  used  the  word  child  as  a  term  of 
endearment  for  His  disciples.  It  can  be  truth- 


CHILDREN  TRUE  NATIONAL  WEALTH   81 

fully  said  that  Jesus  is  the  discoverer  of  the 
child's  true  worth.  Pestalozzi  and  Froebel  were 
simply  walking  in  the  footsteps  of  Christ  when 
they  studied  child  psychology  so  as  to  learn 
how  to  reach  the  child  and  to  teach  the  child 
(cf.  Matthews,  "The  Social  Teaching  of  Jesus," 
pp.  161  ff.).  Paul  realized  the  value  of  childhood 
(Eph.  3:15).  We  have  come  to  see  that  we 
must  go  to  school  to  the  child  if  we  are  to  help 
him  and  if  we  are  to  be  ourselves  what  we  ought 
to  be.  We  see  now  that  Jesus  was  right  in 
making  the  child  not  only  the  measure  of  great- 
ness in  man,  but  also  the  type  for  the  Kingdom 
of  God. 

a.    The  Conservation  of  the  Child. 

The  wasv.e  in  childhood,  the  nation's  true 
wealth,  has  been  so  colossal  as  to  be  staggering. 
For  long  it  was  simply  taken  for  granted  that 
the  great  mass  of  children  would  die  as  they  do 
in  China  and  India  now.  Child  mortality  has 
even  been  defended  as  the  law  of  nature,  as 
nature's  way  of  weeding  out  the  weak  and  secur- 
ing the  survival  of  the  fittest  in  the  development 
of  the  race.  But  that  cynical  view  will  not  satisfy 
the  modern  Christian  spirit  Jesus  pronounced 
a  woe  upon  those  who  caused  "one  of  these 
little  ones  that  believe  on  me  to  stumble  "  (Mark 


82  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

9 : 42).  Even  if  He  is  speaking  in  a  figurative 
way,  His  language  holds  true  of  children  of  whom 
He  had  just  been  speaking  (cf.  Matt.  i8:iof.). 
Children  are  precious  in  God's  sight.  Science 
has  conquered  many  children's  diseases.  Chil- 
dren's specialists  are  often  men  of  great  gifts 
who  devote  themselves  to  the  life  of  the  young. 
All  sorts  of  efforts  are  now  put  forth  to  save  and 
to  improve  the  lives  of  children.  Tenement  dis- 
tricts are  inspected  and  broken  up  if  necessary. 
Holidays  to  the  country  are  provided  for  city 
children.  Milk  funds  are  raised  to  serve  the 
children  in  summer.  Clinics  for  well  children 
are  coming  into  vogue  so  as  to  keep  the  children 
well.  Orphanages  are  common  for  those  bereft 
of  parents.  Children  in  the  city  streets  are 
watched  as  never  before.  Schools  of  reform  are 
provided.  Juvenile  courts  have  come  into  exist- 
ence. Child  criminals  are  no  longer  herded  with 
hardened  criminals  to  confirm  them  in  a  life  of 
sin.  Free  kindergartens  are  open  to  the  poor. 
Playgrounds  exist  in  all  our  cities.  Special 
schools  for  backward  children  may  now  be  found, 
and  special  training  for  precocious  children. 
Laws  against  child  labour  have  been  passed  in 
many  states,  though  even  yet  children  are  ex- 
ploited as  slaves  in  factories  and  stores. 

The  cry  of  the  child  has  at  last  reached  the 


CHILDREN  TEUB  NATIONAL  WEALTH    83 

ear  of  the  national  government  which  has  created 
the  Children's  Bureau  for  the  purpose  of  direct- 
ing wisely  the  efforts  of  the  country  for  the  con- 
servation of  childhood.  This  Bureau  was  late  in 
coming  into  existence  but  it  testifies  to  the  new 
conception  of  childhood  that  has  come  at  last. 
The  government  has  made  April  6,  1918,  to 
April  6,  1919,  the  children's  year,  when  all  over 
the  country  more  attention  is  given  to  the  saving 
of  the  lives  of  children  from  fire,  from  disease, 
from  starvation,  from  crime.  Juvenile  crime  has 
greatly  increased  since  the  war  came  and  since 
moving  pictures  gained  such  a  vogue.  A  stricter 
censorship  of  these  pictures  is  a  great  need  of  the 
times.  Some  of  the  states  still  have  not  raised 
the  age  of  consent  above  twelve  or  fourteen 
years.  Boys  and  girls  are  spirited  away  to  lives 
of  evil  with  too  much  ease.  The  confirmed  crim- 
inals must  not  be  allowed  to  marry  and  have 
children.  We  have  done  wonderful  things  for 
the  children  of  Belgium  and  France,  the  victims 
of  the  vengeance  of  the  Huns  who  have  cut  off 
their  hands  or  put  out  their  eyes  or  mutilated 
them  in  other  horrid  ways. 

The  picture  of  Belgian  and  French  babes  on 
the  spears  of  German  soldiers  will  never  be  for- 
gotten by  this  generation.  But  we  must  also  do 
more  for  our  own  children.  One  can  still  hear 


84  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

the  cry  of  the  children  in  home  and  school  that 
echoes  the  suffering  pictured  by  Charlotte  Bronte 
in  Jane  Eyre  and  by  Dickens  in  Nicholas  Nick- 
leby.  One  rejoices  that  most  of  that  horror  is  in 
the  past  and  yet  many  children  still  suffer  for 
lack  of  being  understood.  Who  can  tell  what 
Dickens'  Christmas  Carol  has  done  for  the  chil- 
dren of  the  world?  Lewis  Carroll  long  ago 
made  children  happy  by  his  "  Alice  in  Wonder- 
land" and  a  whole  rich  literature  for  children  has 
since  come  into  existence  like  Kipling's  Jungle 
Books.  The  modern  Sunday  School  has  done 
much  for  childhood.  The  child  to-day  has  a 
better  chance  to  live  and  to  be  happy  and  useful 
than  ever  before.  "Mrs.  Browning,  when  she 
wrote  '  The  Cry  of  the  Children/  did  more  for 
English  childhood  than  if  she  had  opened  many 
orphan  asylums  "  (Faunce,  "  Religion  and  War," 
p.  54)- 

3.    Making  a  Citizen  out  of  the  Child. 

At  last  the  State  is  coming  to  see  the  worth  of 
the  child.  The  establishment  of  the  Children's 
Bureau,  already  mentioned,  is  only  one  proof  of 
this  new  interest.  The  great  war  has  shown 
that,  to  be  efficient,  we  must  not  only  have  a 
large  population,  but  one  that  is  sound  in  body 
and  clean  in  morale  and  trained  in  mind.  But 


CHILDREN  TRUE  NATIONAL  WEALTH    86 

for  the  one  hundred  and  sixty  thousand  students 
in  our  colleges  the  government  could  not  have 
provided  officers  for  the  great  armies  in  France. 
The  new  draft  bill  took  in  boys  from  eighteen  to 
twenty,  but  the  government  decided  to  keep  them 
in  college  till  they  are  needed  and  give  them 
military  training  along  with  their  education. 

Josephus  first  mentions  schools  in  his  "  Antiq- 
uities," XV,  x,  5.  The  Talmud  states  that  the 
first  Jewish  school  belongs  to  100  B.  C.  The 
home  and  the  synagogue  had  till  then  done 
most  of  the  instruction.  Greece  had  done  better 
by  her  citizens  than  this.  There  will  be  occasion 
to  say  more  about  the  problem  of  education 
later.  Just  now  it  is  important  to  note  that 
the  State  must  undertake  the  task  of  teaching 
patriotism  to  the  children.  The  question  of  pa- 
triotism is  too  important  to  be  left  to  haphazard 
efforts  or  to  private  initiative.  In  some  of  the 
American  schools  real  treason  has  been  taught. 
The  New  York  Times  says  :  "  We  see  teachers 
practicing  or  fomenting  disloyalty,  who  don't  be- 
lieve in  Liberty  Bonds.  We  see  the  Board  of 
Education  transferring  instead  of  dismissing 
some  of  these  disloyal  teachers,  giving  them  new 
subjects  to  infect."  The  school,  like  the  home 
and  the  church,  must  be  a  hotbed  of  loyalty,  not 
a  nursery  for  treason.  The  best  citizen  is  the 


86  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

one  who  is  developed  in  his  whole  self  to  the 
highest  point  of  efficiency.  Patriotic  readers  are 
now  to  be  had.  Boy  Scouts,  Children's  Civic 
Leagues  and  Patriotic  Leagues  are  the  fashion. 
The  future  of  our  country  rests  with  the  boys  and 
girls  who  are  now  happy  in  their  play.  Mr. 
Hagedorn  makes  a  passionate  plea  to  American 
boys  and  girls  to  wake  up  in  his  book  "  You  are 
the  Hope  of  the  World."  One  of  the  bulletins 
of  the  Children's  Bureau  has  this  hopeful  pas- 
sage :  "  Millions  of  mothers  have  been  set  to 
thinking  about  the  needs  of  the  Nation's  young 
citizens  and  seriously  considering  how  to  make 
conditions  more  favourable  to  their  health,  hap- 
piness and  welfare.  Thousands  of  parents  have 
been  stirred  to  take  note  of  things  that  never  en- 
tered their  consciousness  before." 


VII 

THE  ENLIGHTENMENT  OF  THE  MASSES 

"  And  the  common  people  heard  him  gladly." — Mark 

12:37. 
"  But   this   multitude   that   knoweth   not   the   law    are 

accursed." — John  f  :  49. 

i.     The  Struggle  of  the  People  for  Light. 

EARLY  education  was  religious  and  was 
gradually  extended  to  the  more  purely 
cultural  phases.  This  is  seen  in  the  de- 
velopment of  the  wisdom  teaching  of  the  Jews. 
The  extent  of  popular  education  varied  greatly 
in  different  ages  and  in  different  lands.  In  the 
age  of  Pericles  the  degree  of  popular  intelligence 
in  Athens  was  very  great.  In  the  first  century 
A.  D.  the  masses  in  some  parts  of  the  Roman 
Empire  were  far  above  the  level  of  later  times  as 
is  shown  by  Paul's  Epistles  (cf.  that  to  the 
Romans)  which  call  for  a  considerable  amount  of 
intellectual  vigour  to  understand  them.  Jesus 
was  much  more  than  a  teacher,  but  He  was  first 
of  all  a  popular  teacher  with  original  methods 
and  tremendous  power  over  the  masses.  The 
scribes,  the  authorized  Jewish  teachers  of  the 


88  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

time,  distrusted  the  masses  and  scorned  them  as 
unclean  and  ignorant.  The  sneer,  flung  at  the 
Roman  officers  when  they  failed  to  arrest  Jesus, 
reveals  this  attitude :  "  Hath  any  of  the  rulers 
believed  on  him  or  of  the  Pharisees  ?  But  this 
multitude  which  knoweth  not  the  law  are  ac- 
cursed "  (John  7 : 48  f.).  The  knowledge  of  the 
law  was  regarded  as  a  secret  into  which  only  the 
intellectual  aristocrats  were  initiated.  In  Sirach 
we  see  the  same  contempt  for  the  common  la- 
bourer as  compared  with  the  scribes  ;  "  The  wis- 
dom of  the  scribe  cometh  by  opportunity  of 
leisure ;  and  he  that  hath  little  business  shall  be- 
come wise.  How  can  he  get  wisdom  that 
holdeth  the  plough,  that  glorieth  in  the  goad, 
that  driveth  oxen,  and  is  occupied  in  their  la- 
bours, and  whose  talk  is  of  bullocks  ?  "  (38 : 24  f.). 
Jesus  offended  the  intellectual  aristocrats  of 
His  time  by  the  popular  appeal  of  His  message. 
"The  multitudes  were  astonished  at  his  teach- 
ing :  for  he  taught  them  as  one  having  authority, 
and  not  as  their  scribes  "  (Matt.  7 : 28  f.).  Jesus 
made  His  appeal  directly  to  the  common  people 
who  heard  Him  gladly.  Through  the  ages  a 
constant  struggle  has  gone  on  between  the 
masses  and  the  classes.  "  In  the  twelfth  century 
the  only  schools  in  existence  were  those  which 
educated  the  sons  of  the  aristocracy.  The 


THE  ENLIGHTENMENT  OF  THE  MASSES    89 

schools  of  that  day  were  for  those  who  were  to 
make  and  enforce  the  laws  of  the  State  and  of  the 
Church.  The  common  man  did  not  read  or 
write  or  possess  any  of  the  intellectual  refine- 
ments. There  was  no  school  for  the  boys  and 
girls  of  the  common  people.  Only  the  princes 
and  the  nobility  were  trained.  The  education  of 
that  period  had  in  it  no  motives  of  equalizing 
social  privileges.  Indeed  it  was  the  deliberate 
purpose  of  the  rulers  of  that  day  to  retain  their 
superiority  over  the  masses  and  to  hand  down 
that  superiority  unjeopardized  through  exclusive 
bestowal  on  their  own  class  of  all  the  secrets  of 
wisdom "  (Charles  H.  Judd,  "  Democracy  and 
American  Schools,"  p.  6).  These  words  suc- 
cinctly state  the  condition  of  the  world  when 
modern  democracy  began  its  struggle  for  free- 
dom and  progress.  The  conflict  is  still  on  and 
has  been  made  acute  by  the  present  war. 

2.    The  Grip  of  German  Autocracy. 

Germany  had  become  the  leader  in  the  educa- 
tional realm  before  the  attack  upon  the  world's 
freedom  and  life  in  1914  when  that  leadership 
was  thrown  away  for  the  chance  of  political  lord- 
ship. Germany  had  universal  education  and 
illiteracy  was  practically  abolished.  The  German 
efficiency  was  held  up  to  the  world  in  striking 


90  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

contrast  to  the  illiterate  mass  of  Russia  where 
only  fifteen  per  cent,  of  the  people  can  read  and 
write.  The  debacle  of  Russia  has  tremendously 
accented  the  superiority  of  German  intelligence. 
And  yet  we  must  see  things  as  they  are  in  Ger- 
many. The  Volksschule  (Common  School)  in 
Germany  is  for  boys  and  girls  of  the  common  peo- 
ple from  six  to  fourteen.  In  the  cities  separate 
schools  are  provided  for  the  sexes.  Here  the  child 
is  taught  to  read  and  write,  arithmetic,  geography, 
some  history  (German  History),  religion,  a  little 
science,  some  music,  and  some  physical  training. 
But  this  is  all.  The  door  is  not  open  for  the 
common  boy  and  girl  to  the  higher  schools.  He 
is  then  turned  over  to  the  vocational  (trade) 
school  or  to  a  trade.  He  cannot  become  a  pro- 
fessional man,  though  he  may  become  a  common 
school  teacher.  But  the  son  of  an  aristocratic 
family  is  sent  to  the  gymnasium  which  opens 
the  doors  to  the  university  and  to  the  pro- 
fessions. Graduates  of  the  aristocratic  system 
of  schools  become  officers  in  the  army  The 
higher  education  of  girls  in  the  aristocratic  circles 
is  very  limited,  some  going  to  the  universities, 
and  a  few  special  schools  are  provided  for  them. 
"  The  schools  of  Germany  are  social  devices  for 
dividing  the  people  into  distinctly  marked  classes. 
The  common  people  are  given  a  kind  of  educa- 


tion  suited  to  their  humble  lot.  The  courses  of 
study  in  the  Volksschule  are  rudimentary  and 
meager.  The  official  regulations  constantly  call 
attention  to  the  fact  that  the  common  people  are 
to  be  educated  to  obedience ;  they  are  to  serve 
the  state  and  their  rulers ;  they  are  to  be  kept 
contented  with  the  trades  followed  by  their  par- 
ents. The  aristocracy,  on  the  other  hand,  is  to 
be  brought  to  as  high  a  level  of  superiority  in 
power  and  position  as  is  possible  through  knowl- 
edge and  science "  (Judd,  "  Democracy  and 
American  Schools,"  p.  5). 

We  see  the  results  of  this  system  in  the  con- 
duct of  Germany  in  response  to  the  leadership 
of  the  Kaiser  in  his  military  program.  The 
schools  of  Germany  have  been  deliberately  used 
to  make  the  nation  a  pliable  and  powerful  tool 
in  the  hands  of  the  Junkers.  The  State  has  used 
the  educational  system  to  indoctrinate  the  people 
with  the  vision  of  world  conquest.  "  The  rulers 
and  the  educational  leaders  have  understood 
longer  than  the  rulers  of  any  other  country  the 
possibility  of  a  complete  control  of  social  institu- 
tions through  education.  The  schools  have  been 
a  part  of  the  political  life  of  Germany.  They 
have  been  charged  with  the  duty  of  making  a 
disciplined  nation.  Germany  is  what  she  is  to- 
day because  of  her  conscious  self-control  through 


92  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

her  schools"  (ibid.t  p.  9).  No  one  can  dispute 
the  success  of  the  German  method.  And  yet 
America  can  make  no  graver  blunder  than  to 
adopt  it.  If  the  result  here  should  be  what  it  is 
in  Germany  the  calamity  would  be  unspeakably 
sad.  The  world's  great  experiment  in  freedom 
must  not  be  frustrated.  The  perils  of  ignorance 
to  a  republic  are  very  great,  but  the  dangers  of 
autocratic  education  are  even  greater.  A  re- 
public must  constantly  fight  the  demagogue  lest 
he  in  turn  become  the  tyrant  The  ignorant  are 
the  victims  equally  of  demagogue  and  autocrat, 
of  Lenine  or  Czar. 

3.    The  Ray  of  Hope  in  England. 

England  is  slow  and  conservative  always,  but 
her  people  are  democratic  at  heart.  Democracy 
and  aristocracy  exist  side  by  side  in  England  as 
the  result  of  centuries  of  conflict.  England  be- 
gan her  schools,  just  as  Germany  did,  for  the 
upper  classes.  But  the  schools  were  established 
by  religious  bodies  rather  than  by  the  State. 
They  were  for  the  upper  classes  and  for  the  pro- 
fessions. There  were  other  schools  for  the 
poorer  classes.  But  as  democracy  won  its  way 
in  political  affairs  it  was  bound  to  make  itself 
felt  in  the  schools.  "There  is  to-day  in  the 
English  system  a  liberal  possibility  of  transfer  of 


THE  ENLIGHTENMENT  OF  THE  MASSES   93 

the  common  boy  or  girl  from  the  people's  school 
into  the  aristocratic  school.  This  transfer  is  on 
the  basis  of  examination.  The  pupil  who  passes 
the  examination  well  is  also  in  many  cases  given 
a  scholarship,  which  makes  the  upper  school  free 
for  him.  But  the  aristocratic  school  is  not  a  free 
institution  and  it  does  not  welcome  all  comers. 
It  is  still  in  some  measure  the  school  of  the  se- 
lected class  in  society"  (Judd,  ibid.,  pp.  6f.). 
England  has  not  been  able  to  develop  a  system 
of  universal  education  because  of  this  compro- 
mise. The  masses  are  freer  than  those  of  Ger- 
many, but  less  informed.  And  Germany  has 
better  technical  (trade)  schools.  England  was 
grappling  with  this  great  problem  of  popular 
education  when  the  war  came.  It  is  one  of  the 
first  things  to  be  faced  again  since  peace  has 
come,  as  Lloyd-George  has  announced  after  his 
victorious  election. 

4.    The  Science  of  Education  in  America. 

American  schools  began  on  the  religious  basis, 
like  the  rest,  but  they  were  for  all.  The  higher 
schools  were  chiefly  for  the  training  of  ministers. 
The  common  school  was  for  the  religious  in- 
struction of  the  common  people.  But  the  demo- 
cratic spirit  enlarged  the  scope  of  the  common 
school  both  as  to  subjects  taught  and  pupils 


94  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

studying.  All  classes  of  the  population  may  at- 
tend our  common  schools  and  the  common 
school  leads  to  the  high  school  and  the  high 
school  to  the  college  or  university.  This  in  the 
abstract  is  a  better  system  than  that  of  Germany 
or  of  England.  In  the  concrete  it  breaks  down 
in  many  ways.  Local  control  of  the  common 
school  holds  back  the  individual  school  because 
of  unwillingness  to  be  taxed.  Compulsory  edu- 
cation of  children  in  the  common  schools  is  by 
no  means  universal  as  yet.  The  high  school  is 
still  less  frequently  made  compulsory  and  is  just 
now  getting  to  be  general  in  rural  communities. 
Child  labour  keeps  millions  of  boys  and  girls  out 
of  the  high  school.  But  conditions  are  improv- 
ing. In  1915  there  were  1,300,000  students  in 
the  American  high  schools.  Necessity  makes  it 
impossible  for  all  children  to  go  on  to  the  high 
school.  Vocational  schools  are  getting  a  start. 
The  colleges  and  universities  are  private,  de- 
nominational and  state. 

This  variety  is  a  blessing  to  the  community 
for  it  prevents  uniformity  of  teaching  with  the 
peril  that  we  see  in  Germany.  Private  and  de- 
nominational colleges  in  Germany  would  have 
made  this  war  well-nigh  impossible.  But  the 
number  of  students  in  the  colleges  are  far  too 
small.  The  professional  schools  are  suffering 


THE  ENLIGHTENMENT  OF  THE  MASSES    95 

most,  for  the  new  avenues  for  educated  men 
have  a  powerful  appeal  for  young  men.  The 
remedy  lies  in  a  far  larger  number  of  college 
students.  Some  way  must  be  found  by  which 
more  boys  will  go  on  from  the  high  school  to  the 
college.  In  the  education  of  women  America 
leads  the  world.  This  fact  of  itself  makes  it  nec- 
essary for  men  to  go  on  to  the  higher  schools  to  be 
worthy  mates  for  these  women  and  to  be  leaders 
of  the  nation.  The  graduate  school  must  be 
carried  to  a  higher  stage  of  efficiency,  for  our 
men  and  women  will  not  for  a  long  time  go 
again  to  Germany.  America  must  teach  not 
only  her  own  specialists,  but  must  be  ready  to 
teach  others  who  may  seek  our  schools.  It  is 
quite  possible  for  America  to  become  the  school- 
teacher of  the  world. 

We  must  not  make  the  mistake  of  adopting 
merely  a  narrow  industrial  education.  Director 
Judd  speaks  wisely  on  this  point :  "  Evidence  has 
not  been  lacking  in  recent  years  that  certain  short- 
sighted advocates  of  a  narrow  industrial  edu- 
cation are  willing  to  throw  aside  all  the  ideals  of 
a  broad  popular  education  which  has  been 
evolved  in  the  course  of  American  History  in 
order  to  set  up  a  thoroughly  undemocratic  sys- 
tem of  narrow  trade  training  "  ("  Democracy  and 
American  Schools,"  p.  14).  These  are  wise 


96  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

words  and  they  are  true.  Such  a  narrow  trade 
education  is  only  possible  where  class  distinctions 
exist.  Industrial  leaders  themselves  in  this 
country  demand  a  broad  cultural  training,  as  is 
well  shown  by  Dean  West  in  "  The  Value  of  the 
Classics."  Current  Opinion  for  January,  1919, 
p.  18  has  this  interesting  sentence  :  "  President 
Wilson  once  told  a  member  of  the  diplomatic 
corps  in  Washington  who  repeated  it  later  in 
Paris,  that  if  he  were  going  to  college  all  over 
again  he  would  pay  more  attention  to  the  Greek 
language  and  literature,  which  American  uni- 
versities on  the  whole  neglect." 

It  is  certainly  true  that  a  great  deal  of  serious 
attention  is  now  given  to  the  study  of  educa- 
tional methods  in  this  country  as  one  may  see 
who  consults  the  articles  in  Munroe's  Cyclo- 
paedia of  Education  or  reads  any  of  the  numer- 
ous histories  of  education.  Judd,  indeed,  claims 
"that  the  science  of  education  has  flourished 
only  in  this,  the  youngest  of  the  great  civiliza- 
tions. Germany  has  no  science  of  education. 
All  her  schools  are  official  and  assumed  to  be 
right  in  organization  and  satisfactory  in  results. 
Other  European  nations  are  somewhat  of  the 
same  mind  about  their  educational  systems.  It 
has  remained  for  America  to  commit  all  the  sins 
in  the  educational  calendar  and  to  develop  also 


THE  ENLIGHTENMENT  OF  THE  MASSES   97 

the  beginning  of  impersonal  scientific  methods 
of  exposing  and  finally  correcting  their  short- 
comings "  ("  Democracy  and  American  Schools," 
p.  15).  Thomas  Jefferson  early  saw  that  the 
future  of  this  country  turned  largely  upon  the 
development  of  a  satisfactory  public  school  sys- 
tem. It  has  not  yet  been  done.  The  Civil  War 
both  helped  and  hindered  the  process.  But  it 
must  be  done.  Indeed,  the  ignorance  of  the 
soldiers  in  the  cantonments  was  one  of  the  acute 
problems  to  be  solved.  It  is  only  just  to  men- 
tion the  name  of  Robert  C.  Ogden,  who  did  so 
much  to  quicken  interest  in  the  education  of  the 
masses  in  the  South.  His  labour  was  not  in 
vain.  We  are  working  out  a  theory  but  we 
have  not  yet  applied  it  as  it  should  be.  "  Among 
our  social  reforms,  reform  of  education  is  one  of 
the  most  pressing "  (Vedder,  "  The  Gospel  of 
Jesus  and  the  Problems  of  Democracy,"  p.  120). 
The  national  government  had  found  it  wise  to 
place  the  young  men  from  eighteen  to  twenty  in 
the  colleges  of  the  country  with  military  super- 
vision and  with  the  pay  of  a  private.  This 
system  made  it  possible  for  the  poorest  boy  to 
go  to  college.  It  also  enabled  the  small  college 
to  do  work  on  a  par  with  the  larger  universities 
because  of  the  larger  income.  It  is  but  sober 
truth,  as  The  Independent  says,  that  if  this  policy 


98  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

could  be  continued  indefinitely  after  the  war,  it 
would  make  America  the  most  amazing  nation 
in  the  world  for  leadership  and  worthy  manhood. 
But  it  is  now  a  thing  of  the  past 


VIII 

COOPERATION  IN  THE  COMMON- 
WEALTH 

"  For  he  that  is  not  against  us  is  for  ui." — Mark  Q  :  4.0. 
"That  ye  stand  fast  in  one  spirit  with  one  soul  striving 

for  the  faith  of  the  gospel ;  and  in  nothing  affrighted 

by  the  adversaries." — Phil.  Z 1 2?f. 

i.    Cooperation,  not  Uniformity. 

THESE  words  concerning  cooperation  in 
the  work  of  the  Kingdom  of  Jesus  apply 
with  like  force  to  the  task  of  democracy. 
The  forces  of  disintegration  are  always  at  work,  as 
one  may  see  in  the  history  of  Athens.  The  fate 
of  Poland  is  a  tragic  instance  of  a  free  people 
unable  to  function  against  the  aggressive  autoc- 
racies of  Austria,  Germany,  and  Russia  by  which 
Poland  was  surrounded.  The  power  of  an  indi- 
vidual was  carried  to  the  absurd  limit  in  Poland. 
One  vote  could  veto  the  will  of  the  people. 
There  is  no  stability  for  a  democracy  save  in 
cooperation.  Paul  uses  the  figure  of  the  athletic 
games,  "striving  together"  (sunathlountes\  Only 
by  team-work  can  victory  be  won.  There  is  a 
wide  difference  between  cooperation  and  uni- 
formity. Forcible  uniformity  in  Church  and  State 
has  always  reacted  towards  disintegration.  In 

99 


100  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

democracy  there  must  be  liberty  for  self-expres- 
sion and  for  varied  development.  The  Greek 
states  preserved  their  peculiarities  of  dialect  and 
custom  to  the  last.  They  were  irresistible  when 
united.  They  fell  to  pieces  when  they  leaped  at 
each  other's  throats. 

2.    Federation  Under  Washington. 

Our  own  country  has  had  such  a  precarious 
history  that  many  have  predicted  that  we,  too, 
would  go  the  way  of  the  republics  of  the  past. 
Ferrero,  author  of  the  "Greatness  and  Decline 
of  Rome,"  has  not  hesitated  to  say  that  America 
was  headed  for  the  very  rocks  that  wrecked  the 
Roman  Republic  (wealth,  social  unrest,  ambi- 
tion of  selfish  leaders).  In  the  beginning  the 
American  Republic  was  a  loose  confederation  of 
independent  commonwealths.  It  was  with  great 
difficulty,  after  independence  was  won,  that  the 
thirteen  colonies  were  persuaded  to  link  their 
fortunes  and  their  destinies  together.  Each  col- 
ony under  British  rule  had  already  taken  a  local 
colour  that  it  wished  to  preserve.  Each  was  sus- 
picious of  the  other.  They  were  finally  brought 
together  by  compromise.  The  powers  granted 
to  the  federal  government  were  more  or  less 
limited  and  much  was  left  undecided.  There 
was  plenty  of  room  for  friction  in  the  future. 


COOPEBATION  IN  COMMONWEALTH    101 

The  seeds  of  possible  disintegration  were  present 
in  the  Constitution.  The  Father  of  his  country 
had  won  freedom  for  the  colonies  by  consum- 
mate skill  and  unmeasured  patience  and  perse- 
verance. Washington  felt  that  the  result  was  a 
miracle  of  courage  on  the  part  of  the  army.  But 
after  Yorktown  the  parleying  of  the  Continental 
Congress  in  rewarding  the  army  came  near 
undoing  the  work  of  the  Revolution. 

In  his  wonderful  Farewell  Address,  after  eight 
years  in  the  Presidency  he  foretold  the  greatness 
of  the  country,  provided  the  people  were  loyal 
and  united.  He  saw  pitfalls  ahead.  It  is  an  un- 
speakable blessing  to  America  that  a  man  like 
Washington  was  allowed  to  guide  these  early 
years  of  the  young  democracy.  "  It  will,"  he 
said,  "  be  worthy  of  a  free,  enlightened,  and,  at 
no  distant  period,  a  great  nation,  to  give  to  man- 
kind the  magnanimous  and  too  novel  experi- 
ment of  a  people  always  guided  by  an  exalted 
justice  and  benevolence."  Washington  prayed 
that  God  would  "  incline  the  hearts  of  the  citi- 
zens to  cultivate  the  spirit  of  subordination  and 
obedience  to  government,  and  to  entertain 
brotherly  affection  and  love  for  one  another,  and 
for  their  fellow-citizens  of  the  United  States  at 
large."  It  may  be  truthfully  said  that  the 
strongest  tie  between  the  colonies  for  many  years 


102  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

was  Washington  himself  (cf.  Woodrow  Wilson's 
"  George  Washington ").  "  America  has  fur- 
nished to  the  world  the  character  of  Washington 
and  if  our  American  institutions  had  done  noth- 
ing else,  that  alone  would  entitle  them  to  the  re- 
spect of  mankind  "  (Webster). 

One  of  Washington's  sayings,  called  the 
"  Washington  Precept,"  discouraged  "  entan- 
gling alliances."  This  precept  has  been  used  to 
keep  the  United  States  from  any  cooperation 
with  other  nations  in  world  affairs.  But  John 
Bigelow  has  proven  that  Washington  did  not 
mean  to  lay  the  dead  hand  upon  his  country 
and  that  various  qualifications  explain  the  spe- 
cial nature  of  his  advice  ("  American  Policy,  the 
Western  Hemisphere  in  Its  Relation  to  the  East- 
ern," p.  34).  At  that  time  the  United  States  had 
first  to  learn  to  work  together  before  taking  part 
in  world  affairs.  The  later  Monroe  Doctrine  was 
a  contribution  towards  the  same  end,  freedom 
from  European  interference  and  the  privilege  for 
all  the  American  republics  to  develop  in  their 
own  way.  But  there  were  breakers  ahead  for 
the  loosely  constructed  Federation  of  States. 

3.    Union  Under  Lincoln. 
Undoubtedly  the  separate  states  understood 
that  they  possessed  the  right  of  secession. after 


COOPERATION  IN  COMMONWEALTH    103 

the  Federation.  But  for  that  right  some  of  the 
colonies  would  not  have  come  in.  But  it  is  easy 
to  see  that  such  an  aggregation  of  independent 
commonwealths  lacked  cohesion  and  strength. 
The  bond  was  liable  to  break  at  various  points. 
Indeed,  secession  was  threatened  by  the  Hart- 
ford Convention  and  by  the  Nullification  Act  of 
South  Carolina  before  the  Civil  War  came. 
The  doctrine  of  states'  rights  was  constitu- 
tional, but  it  weakened  the  cohesive  strength  of 
the  national  government.  Jealousy  between  the 
colonies  (states)  changed  to  jealousy  between 
the  great  sections  of  the  North  and  the  South 
The  growth  of  the  institution  of  slavery  in  the 
South  because  of  the  invention  of  the  cotton  gin 
made  the  issue  acute.  The  North  rankled  under 
the  long  leadership  of  the  South  with  the  pros- 
pect of  the  growing  power  of  the  slave  states. 
Two  civilizations  had  developed  side  by  side  in 
the  one  Republic.  Henry  Clay  tried  to  compro- 
mise the  issue,  but  in  the  end  he  failed.  In  Mis- 
souri to-day  the  equivocal  position  caused  by  the 
Missouri  Compromise  is  still  felt  in  the  life  of  the 
people. 

But  God  raised  up  Lincoln  as  He  had  raised  up 
Washington,  to  meet  the  new  crisis.  Lincoln 
saw  that  the  country  could  not  continue  half 
slave  and  half  free.  This  rugged  child  of  the 


104  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

South,  with  the  stamp  of  pioneer  life  in  Illinois 
upon  him,  cut  his  way  to  the  front  and  grasped 
the  standard,  set  a  race  free,  and  saved  the  Union 
of  the  States.  In  winning  the  Civil  War  Lin- 
coln destroyed  the  doctrine  of  states'  rights  and 
created  a  real  Union.  Secession  could  happen 
no  more.  He  wrought  this  revolution  against 
the  brilliant  leadership  of  Lee  and  against  the 
suspicion  and  distrust  of  many  in  the  North. 
But  the  heroic  statue  of  Lincoln  stood  unmoved 
through  the  storm.  Lincoln  at  Gettysburg  in  a 
two  minute  speech  expounded  his  purpose  in  the 
war  and  his  conception  of  the  destiny  of  the 
American  people.  That  classic  is  immortal  and 
cannot  be  pondered  too  often  by  those  who  love 
the  American  Republic.  Unlike  Washington, 
Lincoln  was  not  allowed  to  carry  the  destiny  of 
the  Union  through  the  Reconstructive  Period. 
Lincoln  loved  the  South  and  the  wounds  of  the 
nation  would  have  hea'ed  more  quickly  under  his 
skilled  hand.  But  the  work  of  Lincoln  has  lasted. 
To-day  he  is  the  hero  of  the  whole  country.  As 
Washington  is  the  dominating  figure  of  the  eight- 
eenth century  so  Lincoln  is  of  the  nineteenth. 

"  He  was  the  North,  the  South, 

The  East,  the  West, 
The  thrall,  the  Master,  all  of  us  in  one." 

— Maurice  Thompson. 


COOPERATION  IN  COMMONWEALTH    106 

It  is  interesting  to  find  these  words  from 
Woodrow  Wilson  about  Lincoln :  "  The  whole 
country  was  summed  up  in  him.  The  rude 
western  strength  tempered  with  shrewdness  and 
human  wit,  the  eastern  conservatism,  regardful 
of  law  and  devoted  to  fixed  standards  of  duty. 
To  eastern  politicians  he  seemed  like  an  acci- 
dent ;  but  to  history  he  must  have  been  like  a 
providence." 

4.    Unity  Under  Wilson. 

But  the  Union  of  Lincoln  lacked  that  unity  of 
spirit  that  was  necessary  for  the  highest  efficiency. 
Sectionalism  was  not  dead.  Robert  E.  Lee  ex- 
erted his  influence  to  promote  patriotism  in  the 
Southland,  to  restore  harmony  and  good  feeling, 
as  did  many  other  leaders  in  both  sections.  The 
South  was  no  longer  dominant,  but  the  East 
ruled  in  its  place.  Then  came  the  sway  of  the 
Middle  West,  while  the  real  West  grew  jealous 
of  the  effete  East.  Class  jealousy  increased 
with  the  rapid  growth  of  wealth.  The  strife  be- 
tween labour  and  capital  at  times  bordered  on 
civil  war.  The  growth  of  trusts  was  met  by  the 
growth  of  labour  unions.  The  rapid  increase  of 
immigration  created  centers  of  disturbances 
where  large  sections  of  the  population  were  un- 
assimilated  by  the  American  spirit.  This  Land 


106  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

of  Promise  for  the  oppressed  of  all  lands  had  be- 
come the  melting  pot  of  the  nations,  but  not  all 
had  been  really  melted  into  pure  Americanism. 
11  We  Americans  are  the  children  of  the  crucible. 
It  has  been  our  boast  that  out  of  the  crucible — 
the  melting  pot  of  life  in  this  free  land — all  the 
men  and  women  of  all  the  nations  who  come 
hither  emerge  as  Americans  and  as  nothing 
else  "  (Theodore  Roosevelt).  Unfortunately  this 
war  has  shown  that  this  boast  is  not  quite  true. 
Pro-Germanism,  slackers,  pacifists,  spies,  traitors 
have  been  all  too  frequent.  The  Pro-German 
propaganda  that  was  carried  on  by  Bernstorff, 
the  German  Ambassador  in  Washington,  found  a 
response  in  strange  places.  Only  recently  a  hun- 
dred of  the  leaders  of  the  Industrial  Workers  of  the 
World  have  been  convicted  and  sentenced  to  the 
penitentiary  for  treasonable  utterances  and  acts. 
And  yet  the  heart  of  the  nation  is  sound  and 
responded  gloriously  to  the  leadership  of  Presi- 
dent Wilson  in  the  defense  of  the  nation  against 
the  tyranny  of  the  Huns.  Emil  Reich  ("  Success 
Among  the  Nations  ")  says  that  "  the  chief  God 
of  America  "  is  "  the  unlimited  belief  in  the  fu- 
ture of  America."  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  in  "  The 
Future  of  America  "  says  that  "  Americans  be- 
lieve in  their  destiny,  but  are  hazy  about  their 
purpose."  They  probably  were  before  the 


COOPERATION  IN  COMMONWEALTH    107 

Kaiser  waked  them  up  It  was  a  German, 
George  the  Third  of  England,  whose  autocratic 
spirit  brought  on  the  independence  of  the  col- 
onies. It  is  another  German,  Kaiser  Wilhelm  the 
Second,  whose  insane  ambition  to  rule  the  world 
has  unified  the  American  people  and  has  made 
a  nation  out  of  the  varied  peoples  here  as- 
sembled. The  promise  was  there  before.  The 
work  of  Washington  and  of  Lincoln  had  pre- 
pared the  way.  Croly  holds  that  "  the  trans- 
formation of  the  old  sense  of  a  glorious  national 
destiny  into  the  sense  of  a  serious  national  pur- 
pose will  inevitably  tend  to  make  the  realization 
of  the  promise  of  American  life  both  more  ex- 
plicit and  more  serious  "  ("  The  Promise  of  Amer- 
ican Life,"  p.  21).  This  was  published  in  1909  and 
it  reads  like  a  prophecy  of  what  was  to  come. 

Under  the  wise  leadership  of  President  Wilson 
the  American  people  have  found  the  great  moral 
purpose  that  has  unified  them  and  energized 
them.  They  are  now  a  mighty  nation  harnessed 
for  their  world  mission.  He  waited  longer  than 
some  wished.  The  Germans  ridiculed  him  as  a 
mere  letter  writer.  But  now  they  fear  him  as 
much  as  they  hate  him.  They  no  longer  make 
light  of  American  soldiers  who  have  routed  the 
famous  Prussian  Guards.  The  German  people 
are  beginning  to  see  the  prowess  of  America. 


108  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

Our  President  has  become  the  spokesman  of 
those  who  fight  for  freedom  in  the  effort  to  make 
the  world  safe  for  democracy.  He  speaks  at  the 
right  time  and  utters  the  needed  word.  "  A 
new  light  shines  about  us.  The  greatest  duties 
of  a  new  day  awaken  a  new  and  greater  national 
spirit  in  us."  Thus  he  spoke  in  his  Thanksgiv- 
ing message  November  19,  1917.  The  Independ- 
ent for  January  19,  1918,  said :  "  No  wonder 
autocracy  and  privilege  curse  him.  No  wonder 
the  common  people  rally  to  his  banner.  Were 
the  career  of  Woodrow  Wilson  to  end  to-day 
his  fame  is  imperishable.  Our  President  will 
rank  in  the  hearts  of  his  fellow-countrymen  with 
Washington,  and  Lincoln."  Washington  united 
the  colonies  into  a  federation  of  free  common- 
wealths and  made  them  safe  for  democracy. 
Lincoln  welded  this  federation  into  a  union  of 
free  men.  Wilson  has  unified  the  American  na- 
tion, and  will  make  the  world  safe  for  democ- 
racy. One  freed  the  colonies,  the  second  a 
race,  and  the  last  will,  under  God,  free  the  world. 
As  these  words  are  written  the  Germans  are  in 
the  throes  of  a  revolution  following  their  defeat. 
Americans  occupy  Coblenz,  the  British  Cologne, 
and  France  has  recovered  Alsace-Lorraine.  Wil- 
son is  in  Europe  to  help  in  arranging  the  terms 
of  a  just  and  lasting  peace. 


IX 

JUSTICE  VS.  PRIVILEGE 

**  Render  to  all  their  duel :  tribute  to  whom  tribute  is 
due ;  custom  to  whom  custom  ;  fear  to  whom  fear ; 
honour  to  whom  honour." — Rom.  ij  :  7. 

i.    The  Cry  of  the  Proletariat. 

PERHAPS  Victor  Hugo  has  made  Jean 
Valjean  the  most  daring  protest  against 
modern  injustice  (religious,  political,  eco- 
nomic). The  struggle  of  the  common  man  for 
mere  justice  is  summed  up  in  this  story  that 
haunts  one  like  a  nightmare,  once  he  has  read 
it.  The  French  Revolution  was  an  echo  of  the 
American  Revolution,  but  under  a  far  more  hope- 
less environment.  Privilege  under  George  III 
scouted  and  flouted  the  American  Colonists  as 
hirelings.  Privilege  under  Louis  XVI  trampled 
the  Parisian  masses  as  cattle  or  swine.  The 
Reign  of  Terror  was  the  wild  fury  of  the  mob  at 
their  old  mastefs  and  then  they  flew  at  each 
other's  throats.  But  the  people  had  suffered 
through  the  long  centuries.  Liberty,  Equality, 
Fraternity  were  golden  words.  They  were  put 
to  the  test  in  an  irresponsible  way.  Liberty  be- 
came license,  equality  turned  to  tyranny,  and 

109 


110  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

fraternity  to  hate.  But  the  people  were  deter- 
mined to  be  heard.  The  ruling  classes  had 
dominated  them  as  long  as  they  could  endure 
it.  The  cry  of  the  masses  is  not  always  just,  but 
it  has  to  be  heard.  At  Lystra  the  crowd  first 
hailed  Paul  as  the  god  Mercury  and  then  at  the 
instigation  of  the  Jews  from  Antioch  and  Iconium 
they  stoned  him  and  left  him  for  dead  (Acts 
14 : 12).  Some  of  the  multitude  that  hailed  Jesus 
as  the  Son  of  David  on  Sunday  morning  cried, 
"  Crucify  Him  "  on  Friday  morning  (Matt.  21:9; 
Mark  15:13  f.).  In  each  case  the  crowd  was  led 
astray  by  demagogues  and  struck  out  blindly 
against  imagined  injustice.  In  Germany  before 
the  war  socialism  had  become  very  powerful  and 
its  growth  had  angered  the  Kaiser  greatly, 
though  it  has  been  a  pliable  tool  in  his  hands 
since  the  war  began  and  was  used  to  betray 
Russia.  Social  war  was  threatened  all  over  the 
world  and  privilege  trembled  in  every  land.  The 
outcome  of  the  war  will  inevitably  strengthen 
the  plea  of  the  masses  against  the  classes  for 
common  justice,  since  the  Allies  have  won  so 
gloriously.  Not  all  that  the  people  demand 
may  be  just,  but  some  of  their  pleas  are  right 
and  must  be  granted.  The  methods  of  the 
I.  W.  W.'s  with  their  sabotage  and  their  treason 
must  not  blind  men  to  the  righteous  contention 


JUSTICE  VS.  PBIVILEGE  111 

of  great  masses  of  men  for  the  common  decen- 
cies of  life.  The  mad  fury  of  Bolshevism  against 
all  who  prosper  must  be  caged  like  a  wild  beast. 

a.    Equality  in  Religious  Privilege. 

Christian  men  place  this  first  in  their  program. 
It  has  been  hardest  to  win  and  to  hold.  Even 
in  democratic  England  the  Established  Church 
still  assumes  superiority  over  the  schismatics 
called  Nonconformists  who  represent  probably 
a  majority  of  the  population.  England  has  now 
religious  toleration,  not  religious  liberty.  Even 
this  religious  toleration  has  been  won  by  cen- 
turies of  struggle.  The  educational  system  of 
England  reflects  a  species  of  intolerance  towards 
the  children  of  Nonconformists  that  compels 
them  to  pay  taxes  to  have  their  own  children 
taught  Romish  doctrines.  Rome  is  still  on  the 
rates  in  England  and  John  Clifford,  Britain's 
great  Commoner,  led  a  passive  resistance  move- 
ment in  protest  against  this  injustice.  Over 
forty  times  he  has  been  before  the  magistrate  to 
have  his  property  sold  because  of  his  refusal 
to  pay  this  iniquitous  tax.  The  war  ought  to 
make  it  easy,  since  peace  has  come,  to  remove 
this  religious  discrimination.  And  yet  England 
is  at  heart  Protestant.  It  must  not  be  forgotten 
that  a  great  Baptist  layman,  David  Lloyd-George, 


112  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

is  Prime  Minister  of  Britain.  There  is  hope  of 
religious  liberty  in  England,  though  it  will  not 
come  without  further  conflict. 

The  Pilgrim  Fathers,  fugitives  from  British 
religious  intolerance,  found  refuge  in  Holland 
and  then  in  the  wilderness  of  New  England  in 
1620.  Here  they  carved  a  home  for  themselves 
and  in  turn  practiced  intolerance  upon  the  Bap- 
tists as  the  Church  of  England  did  in  Virginia. 
But  the  Pilgrim  Fathers  were  pioneers  in  free- 
dom as  in  the  forests  they  fought  the  Indians  and 
cold  and  want.  Dr.  J.  Rendel  Harris,  of  Birming- 
ham, England,  has  proposed  that  Britain  and 
America  found  in  1920  an  Anglo-American  Uni- 
versity at  Plymouth,  England,  to  commemorate 
the  tercentenary  of  this  great  event.  It  would 
in  a  beautiful  way  emphasize  the  reunion  of  the 
Anglo-Saxon  world  which  the  war  has  brought 
to  pass.  Roger  Williams  first  set  up  the  stand- 
ard of  religious  liberty  for  all  in  his  new  state  of 
Rhode  Island.  The  Roman  Catholics  offered 
toleration  in  Maryland,  but  the  Baptists  in  Rhode 
Island  first  championed  complete  religious  liberty 
for  all.  The  first  amendment  to  the  American 
Constitution  embodied  this  great  principle,  the 
chief  American  contribution  to  the  science  of 
government.  The  stability  and  progress  of  the 
Unites  States,  now  the  most  powerful  country  on 


JUSTICE  VS.  PEIVILEGB  113 

earth,  is  primarily  due  to  the  establishment  of 
religious  liberty  on  these  shores. 

But  the  priceless  boon,  unknown  through  the 
long  night  of  Roman  Catholic  sway,  has  not 
been  easy  to  maintain.  In  New  York  City  the 
late  Mayor  Mitchel,  himself  a  Catholic,  made 
open  war  upon  the  priests  of  the  city  for  ecclesi- 
astical influence  on  the  public  schools  and  the 
use  of  public  funds  for  church  institutions.  For 
long  grants  were  made  by  the  government  to 
the  Indian  schools  of  the  Roman  Catholics. 
The  Roman  Catholic  vote  has  been  a  factor  in 
politics,  especially  in  city  politics.  Even  to-day 
a  controversy  has  arisen  because  of  language 
employed  by  the  Third  Assistant  Secretary  of 
War,  F.  G.  Keppel,  in  a  recent  letter  to  Dr.  J.  F. 
Love,  Secretary  of  Missions  of  the  Southern 
Baptist  Convention,  Richmond,  Virginia,  in 
which  he  says :  "  For  one  thing,  it  would  be  im- 
possible to  get  the  soldiers  together  by  denomi- 
nations and,  for  another,  the  whole  trend  and 
the  whole  design  of  the  Department  is  in  the  in- 
terest of  breaking  down  rather  than  emphasizing 
denominational  distinctions."  American  Bap- 
tists, who  have  suffered  political  proscription  in 
the  past  have  vigorously  protested  against  this 
language  by  an  official  of  the  national  govern- 
ment, even  though  it  represents,  as  it  clearly 


114  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

does,  merely  his  own  private  opinion.  Secre- 
tary Keppel  explains  in  a  letter  to  Senator  Sim- 
mons of  North  Carolina  what  he  meant :  "  I  had 
no  intention  of  seeming  to  say  that  the  govern- 
ment is  aiming  to  control  the  organization  of 
our  churches.  I  meant,  rather,  that  within  the 
army  we  must  not  think  in  terms  of  denomina- 
tional distinctions  and  differences."  This  ex- 
planation closed  the  incident,  but  it  goes  to  show 
how  sensitive  the  American  public  is  concerning 
religious  liberty  even  in  a  time  of  war. 

The  new  citizenship,  therefore,  is  strong  for 
the  retention  of  religious  freedom.  The  multi- 
plicity of  denominations  may  be  an  evil  or  a  bless- 
ing. That  is  a  proper  subject  for  discussion. 
But  the  national  government  is  by  statute  de- 
barred from  taking  any  part  in  the  matter.  It  is 
only  when  a  sect  makes  a  tenet  out  of  a  crime 
like  polygamy  by  the  Mormons  that  it  falls  under 
the  restraint  of  the  government.  The  very 
genius  of  democracy  makes  denominationalism 
flourish  as  in  England  and  America.  That  de- 
velopment is  inevitable  when  the  freedom  of  the 
human  spirit  exists.  And  the  ills  of  denomina- 
tionalism are  not  comparable  to  those  of  compul- 
sory conformity.  The  very  harmony  of  the 
Republic  rests  upon  the  absolute  and  sincere 
guarantee  of  real  religious  liberty. 


JUSTICE  VS.  PRIVILEGE  115 

3.     Equality  in  Political  Preferment. 

The  "  governing  classes  "  even  in  democratic 
countries  have  been  able  to  maintain  a  general 
control  of  political  affairs.  This  has  been  done 
by  control  of  the  political  parties  by  leaders  who 
organize  a  more  or  less  effective  machine.  Aris- 
tocratic families  in  Britain  have  been  able  to 
maintain  political  leadership  by  merit  and  some- 
times largely  because  of  birth.  In  America 
money  has  often  been  employed  to  secure  nomi- 
nations and  elections,  either  openly  or  secretly. 
The  captain  of  industry  has  often  been  able  to 
control  elections.  It  was  once  openly  charged 
that  the  seat  of  government  in  the  United  States 
was  Wall  Street,  not  Washington.  That  is  no 
longer  possible  under  the  new  regional  bank 
system.  The  captains  of  industry  have  discov- 
ered that  the  capital  of  the  country  is  located  in 
Washington.  But  the  city  "  boss  "  has  greatly 
limited  political  liberty  in  this  country.  "The 
appearance  of  the  Captain  of  Industry  was  al- 
most coincident  with  the  appearance  of  the 
1  Boss '  "  (Croly,  "The  Promise  of  American  Life," 
p.  1 1 8),  and  Croly  adds:  "The  two  processes 
are  the  parallel  effects  of  the  same  condition  and 
ideas  working  in  different  fields  "  (ibid.).  But,  if 
the  national  government  has  brought  the  cap- 
tains of  industry  within  the  law,  the  people 


116  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

periodically  put  the  party  boss  out  of  business. 
They  rise  up  and  take  things  into  their  own 
hands.  In  theory  we  say  that  in  this  country  all 
men  are  born  free  and  equal.  They  cannot,  of 
course,  be  born  equal  in  endowment  and  in  en- 
vironment. They  should  have  equal  political 
privileges  at  the  ballot  and  in  possibility  of  office, 
provided,  of  course,  they  meet  the  conditions  of 
service.  At  last  it  is  true  that  all  men  are  born 
free  in  our  land,  but  it  is  not  true  that  they  re- 
main free.  Peonage  and  other  forms  of  practical 
slavery  still  exist.  Men  who  employ  groups  of 
workmen  still  crack  the  political  whip  over  the 
heads  of  employees. 

But,  when  all  is  said,  it  is  possible,  though  dif- 
ficult, for  a  man  to  come  to  the  summit  of  polit- 
ical power  without  the  help  of  money,  prestige, 
or  a  machine.  A  real  man  of  native  parts  and 
sufficient  education  can  work  a  revolution.  The 
typical  case  is  that  of  Lincoln.  But  in  South 
Carolina  Senator  Till  man  recently  died.  He 
sprang  right  up  from  the  people  and  smashed 
the  power  of  the  aristocratic  leaders  of  the  state 
and  held  his  power  till  his  death.  He  democ- 
ratized political  conditions  in  South  Carolina. 
The  state  fell  a  victim  to  the  sway  of  Blease  who 
has  finally  been  overthrown.  Political  equality 
in  a  republic  is  perilous  without  the  education  of 


JUSTICE  VS.  PEIVILEGE  117 

the  masses.  The  voters  can  be  herded  like  sheep 
by  political  tricksters  unless  they  have  sufficient 
intelligence  to  be  independent  of  the  demagogue 
and  of  all  bosses. 

The  most  hopeful  signs  in  American  political 
life  to-day  is  the  growth  of  the  independent  vote. 
This  development  is  due  largely  to  Grover 
Cleveland,  Theodore  Roosevelt,  and  Woodrow 
Wilson,  whose  careers  have  challenged  the  voters 
to  think  for  themselves  and  to  act  for  the  welfare 
of  the  country.  The  outcome  of  this  tendency  is 
better  laws  and  better  interpretation  of  the  law. 
The  country  is  looked  upon  less  as  the  private 
asset  of  the  few  who  exploit  it  for  themselves. 
"  Public  office  is  a  public  trust,"  Grover  Cleve- 
land taught  us.  Political  preferment  is  no  longer 
a  reward,  but  an  opportunity  for  service.  The 
new  citizen  is  not  on  the  lookout  for  a  job  for 
himself  or  for  his  constituents.  He  seeks  rather 
to  serve  the  whole  country  and  to  enact  laws 
that  are  just  to  all  classes  of  citizens  who  have 
an  equal  right  to  be  heard  whether  they  main- 
tain a  lobby  or  merely  stay  at  home  and  attend 
to  their  own  business. 

4.    Equality  in  Economic  Opportunity. 
Capital   has   undoubted   rights   and  deserves 
protection   by  the  law.     But  when  all  is  said, 


118  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

men  are  worth  more  than  money.  Capital  has 
sometimes  dodged  taxation  and  has  at  times 
been  heartless  in  its  treatment  of  labour.  The 
rights  of  labour  are  unquestioned  and  the  la- 
bouring man  must  have  the  opportunity  of  im- 
proving his  condition  and  of  educating  his  chil- 
dren. The  solution  of  the  trouble  between 
labour  and  capital  has  not  yet  been  found.  It 
will  only  be  found  when  laws  are  made  that  look 
at  all  sides  of  the  problem  and  are  perfectly  just 
all  round.  The  country  is  not  yet  in  the  temper 
to  adopt  a  national  policy,  but  one  may  come  as 
the  result  of  the  war.  Some  labourers  in  the 
country's  crisis  and  some  capitalists  have  been 
guilty  of  profiteering  as  shown  by  the  govern- 
ment. The  small  competitor  has  the  right  to 
live  without  being  ground  to  the  earth  by  a  trust. 
Croly  ("Promise  of  American  Life,"  p.  391)  pro- 
poses "collective  bargaining"  as  the  panacea 
for  industrial  ills.  The  problem  is  a  vast  one 
and  will  tax  to  the  utmost  the  wisdom  of  our 
statesmen.  Regulation  is  the  latest  cure  for  the 
trust-evil.  Time  will  tell  whether  it  will  be  a 
cure.  At  any  rate  it  is  true  that  the  government 
is  running  the  railroads  and  is  not  run  by  them. 
It  must  be  admitted  that  the  American  theory 
of  freedom  for  all  in  the  economic  life  is  not 
borne  out  by  the  way  private  greed  has  grasped 


JUSTICE  VS.  PEIVILEGB  119 

so  many  of  the  public  utilities.  Almost  too  late 
the  people  woke  up  to  the  need  of  conserving 
the  water  power  against  a  private  monopoly.  At 
present  the  people  are  alert,  but  at  sea  as  to  how 
to  preserve  their  economic  freedom  from  the 
octopus  of  big  business.  It  will  help  nothing 
to  destroy  big  business,  but  it  will  ruin  every- 
thing for  big  business  to  own  all  the  national 
resources  of  the  country.  We  have  so  far  main- 
tained our  religious  and  political  freedom.  Our 
economic  liberty  is  still  at  stake.  But  we  must 
have  the  square  deal  in  business  life  if  real  lib- 
erty is  to  last.  Titular  slavery  has  been  over- 
thrown. Economic  servitude  must  not  continue. 
"Justice  is  a  great  word,  but  it  is  here  too  poor. 
.  .  .  We  need  the  greatest  word  in  our  moral 
language.  We  should  rise  to  the  word  on  which 
history  and  Bible  crystallize — the  word  right- 
eousness "  (Forsyth,  "  The  Roots  of  a  World- 
Commonwealth,"  p.  9). 


X 

ORDER  VS.  LAWLESSNESS 

"  For  kings  and  all  that  are  in  high  place  ;  that  we  may 
lead  a  tranquil  and  quiet  life  in  all  godliness  and 
gravity." — i  Tim.  2 :  2. 

x.    The  Business  of  Citizenship. 

A  NATION  is  a  collection  of  individuals 
grouped  together  under  one  govern- 
ment. The  whole  cannot  be  better  than 
the  sum  total  of  its  parts.  The  character  of  a 
nation  is  determined  at  bottom  by  the  acts  of  the 
individuals  acting  separately  or  in  concert.  The 
State  is  not  an  abstract  entity  that  exists  apart 
from  the  people.  The  State  is  simply  the  people 
functioning  in  government.  The  purpose  of  gov- 
ernment is  well  stated  by  Paul  to  Timothy.  The 
best  government  is  one  that  makes  it  possible 
for  the  people  to  "  lead  a  quiet  and  tranquil  life 
in  all  godliness  and  gravity."  The  best  gov- 
erned nation  is  the  one  least  governed,  provided 
the  people  are  capable  of  self-government  and 
exercise  their  privilege.  An  ignorant  people  do 
not  know  how  to  govern  themselves  A  wicked 
people  will  not  control  their  actions.  Intelli- 
gence and  righteousness  are  essential  to  the 

120 


OBDEB  V8.  LAWLESSNESS  121 

welfare  and  progress  of  any  nation  and,  in  par- 
ticular, of  a  democratic  people.  The  trouble  is 
that  most  persons  have  regarded  citizenship  as 
more  or  less  of  a  bother.  Elections  interfere 
with  the  routine  of  business.  Politics  is  a  nasty 
affair  at  best  and  Christians,  especially  ministers, 
had  best  keep  hands  off.  There  are  plenty  of 
professional  politicians  who  are  willing  to  attend 
to  affairs  of  state.  The  result  of  such  an  attitude 
has  been  in  the  United  States  that,  outside  of 
times  of  great  excitement,  the  masses  take  little 
interest  in  the  progress  of  statecraft.  Our  cities 
have  been  run  by  rings  who  enrich  themselves 
by  graft.  Even  the  school  system  till  recently 
has  been  in  the  grip  of  wardheelers. 

The  doctrine  of  laissez-faire  has  played  a  great 
part  in  our  life.  The  country  is  rich  and  can 
stand  a  deal  of  stealing  and  mismanagement. 
Partisanship  has  been  relied  upon  to  cover  up 
the  shortcomings  of  party  leaders.  We  have  not 
taken  the  business  of  citizenship  seriously  until 
rude  revelations  have  shocked  us  into  shame. 
Even  then  we  usually  take  it  out  in  blaming  the 
politicians  for  winking  at  wickedness  in  high 
places  instead  of  condemning  ourselves  for  con- 
doning the  politicians  and  letting  them  run 
things  their  own  way.  When  a  man  like  Charles 
E.  Hughes  tears  the  veil  off  an  insurance  com- 


122  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

pany,  we  make  him  a  hero,  but  do  not  expect 
the  average  statesman  to  have  so  much  con- 
science. "  Citizenship  is  one  of  the  world's 
great  sciences"  (Prof.  Ellsworth  Huntington, 
in  "  The  Yale  Review "),  but  it  is  one  that  the 
American  people  have  not  yet  studied  with  suf- 
ficient care.  The  country  hopes  much  from  the 
citizenship  of  women  as  a  stimulus  to  the  moral 
element  in  the  nation.  But  even  women  cannot 
overcome  the  dead  weight  of  indifference  on  the 
part  of  the  male  electorate  that  has  been  in  the 
habit  of  allowing  the  criminal  classes  to  have 
their  way  with  the  exception  of  spasmodic  out- 
bursts of  moral  indignation  if  press  or  pulpit 
goad  them  to  it.  The  trouble  is  that  Christians 
have  not  carried  their  religious  convictions  and 
conscience  into  their  political  parties.  The  new 
citizenship  demands  conscience  in  the  political 
sphere. 

2.    The  Criminal. 

"  Crime  is  one  of  the  costliest  luxuries  that  so- 
ciety permits  itself  to  enjoy"  (Vedder,  "The 
Gospel  of  Jesus  and  the  Problems  of  Democracy," 
p.  216).  Does  society  let  crime  alone  ?  No,  but 
it  has  not  gone  at  its  suppression  in  a  scientific 
and  Christian  way.  It  has  gone  from  one  ex- 
treme to  the  other.  Capital  punishment  used  to 


OBDEB  VS.  LAWLESSNESS  123 

be  the  penalty  for  almost  every  offense.  Eng- 
land has  for  long  punished  crimes  against  prop- 
erty more  harshly  than  crimes  against  persons 
(Vedder,  ibid.t  p.  332).  Human  life  was  held 
very  cheap.  Human  life  is  still  sold  for  a  song 
in  many  communities.  Louisville  recently  lost 
a  great  criminal  lawyer  whose  boast  was  that  for 
thirty  years  he  had  never  lost  a  case.  One  of 
the  daily  papers  made  editorial  mention  of  this 
distinction.  He  always  defended  the  criminal. 
No  murderer  who  committed  his  case  to  this 
lawyer  was  ever  punished.  The  life  of  the  crim- 
inal in  Louisville  was  thus  far  safer  than  the 
citizen  who  might  be  his  victim.  Louisville  has 
not  stood  alone  in  this  unenviable  reputation  for 
immunity  for  criminals.  The  revelations  in  New 
York  startled  the  whole  country.  The  police 
were  proven  to  be  in  league  with  professional 
thugs  and  murderers.  Honourable  A.  D.  White 
asserts  that  "  we  lead  the  world  with  the  ex- 
ception, perhaps,  of  lower  Italy  and  Sicily,  in 
murders,  and  especially  in  unpunished  murder- 
ers." This  is  a  severe  indictment  of  our  civili- 
zation. "  A  high  ratio  of  crime  is  an  indictment 
of  a  people's  civilization  "  (Vedder,  "  The  Gospel 
of  Jesus  and  the  Problems  of  Democracy,"  p. 
216).  Homicides  in  our  country  are  about  eight 
times  as  frequent  in  proportion  to  population  as 


124  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

in  England.  More  people  were  murdered  in  our 
large  cities  before  the  war  than  in  all  of  Russia. 
Bad  as  the  mountain  feuds  used  to  be,  life  is 
safer  in  the  mountains  than  in  our  large  cities. 
With  some  twenty-five  hundred  homicides  a 
year  we  have  about  a  hundred  executions. 

We  are  seeing  that  the  criminal  instinct  is 
found  in  the  higher  classes  as  well  as  in  the 
lower.  Some  criminals  need  to  be  separated 
from  society.  Some  are  made  criminals  by 
alcohol  or  by  other  drugs.  The  prohibition 
communities  show  a  remarkable  decrease  in  the 
amount  of  crime.  The  fight  against  crime  in- 
cludes prohibition  of  all  dangerous  narcotics,  the 
prevention  of  marriage  of  degenerates,  and  sani- 
tary prisons  for  condemned  criminals  with  hu- 
mane treatment  of  the  inmates.  The  story  of 
American  county  jails  is  still  too  terrible  to  tell. 
Many  who  may  be  innocent  or  at  least  not  con- 
firmed in  crime  are  driven  to  desperation  by  the 
filthy  environment  and  vile  companionship.  The 
same  thing  is  true  of  most  of  the  penitentiaries. 
T.  M.  Osborne,  late  warden  at  Sing  Sing,  began 
a  reform  for  intelligent  treatment  of  prisoners 
that  ought  to  bear  fruit  all  over  the  country. 
But  he  has  had  a  hard  fight  against  the  politi- 
cians. The  old  system  has  ruined  the  man  who 
enters  prison.  Crime  must  be  punished,  but  not 


ORDER  VS.  LAWLESSNESS  126 

as  a  measure  of  vengeance  so  much  as  a  protec- 
tion to  society.  Laxity  in  conviction  and  cruelty 
to  the  prisoner  have  characterized  our  conduct 
towards  the  individual  criminal.  The  result  has 
been  a  wider  diffusion  of  crime  and  the  devel- 
opment of  a  professional  criminal  class  known  as 
the  underworld  which  with  a  powerful  undertow 
sucks  in  a  large  section  of  the  population. 

3.    Criminal  Combinations. 

Enormous  sums  of  money  are  spent  each  year 
in  efforts  to  suppress  crime,  but  without  success. 
Burglars  have  their  guilds.  Thieves  work  in 
groups  and  under  leaders.  The  various  dens  of 
iniquity  have  organization  and  system  and  man- 
age to  elude  the  police  or  are  connived  at  by 
them.  The  revelations  of  such  groups  of  crimi- 
nals in  New  York,  Philadelphia,  Chicago,  San 
Francisco,  and  New  Orleans  have  staggered  be- 
lief. And  yet  every  effort  to  shake  the  power  of 
these  criminals  has  met  opposition  from  men  in 
official  positions  who  boast  of  having  a  wide  open 
city  where  everything  goes.  The  saloons,  the 
gambling  houses,  the  brothels  and  houses  of 
assignation  have  all  worked  together  and  the 
police  have  not  escaped  the  charge  of  connivance 
at  lawlessness  for  the  graft  that  they  received. 
The  criminal  combinations  have  open  champions 


126  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

in  those  who  argue  that  regulation  is  better  than 
absolute  removal  of  the  elements  that  will  scatter 
all  over  the  city. 

But  the  civic  conscience  is  making  itself  felt 
wherever  a  determined  body  of  citizens  band 
themselves  together  to  clean  up  the  city  and  to 
keep  it  clean.  The  public  conscience  is  sound 
whenever  it  is  waked  up.  It  has  been  asleep  so 
long  that  it  will  not  keep  awake  of  itself.  The 
daily  press  is  more  and  more  taking  the  side  of 
law  enforcement  and  good  results  are  apparent 
in  many  of  our  cities.  New  laws  against  organ- 
ized vice  and  crime  show  the  vigour  of  the  public 
when  once  aroused.  No  city  has  a  right  to  allow 
slums  to  breed  vice  and  disease.  The  war  has 
taken  the  men  out  of  East  London  and  has  sent 
the  women  to  work.  It  is  even  claimed  that 
London  will  have  no  slum  district  now  that  peace 
has  come.  The  war  has  cleaned  up  the  city  as 
the  great  fire  once  stopped  the  plague.  Surely 
no  city  in  the  world  stood  in  greater  need  of  a 
moral  fire  than  London. 

The  modern  city  is  a  supreme  test  of  civiliza- 
tion and  of  religion.  The  churches  have  run 
away  from  the  down-town  sections  and  left  the 
people  there  to  the  devil  save  for  an  occasional 
rescue  mission.  Where  the  most  people  congre- 
gate there  are  the  fewest  churches  and  the  most 


ORDER  V8,  LAWLESSNESS  127 

dens  of  iniquity.  The  moving-picture  shows 
may  be  censored  in  a  fashion,  but  they  are  al- 
lowed to  be  breeding  places  of  vice  and  crime. 
The  criminal  is  made  a  hero  in  the  "movie," 
and  it  has  taken  the  place  of  the  dime-novel  as  a 
maker  of  criminals  among  boys  and  girls.  Boy 
bandits  have  held  up  trains  near  Atlanta  and 
Chattanooga  under  the  instigation  of  the  moving 
picture.  The  hero  in  crime  still  has  a  following. 
The  fascination  of  the  outlaw  has  not  lost  its 
power  over  the  youthful  imagination.  We  are 
still  engaged  in  the  luxury  of  making  criminals 
out  of  children  by  pictures  and  by  magazines. 
The  war  itself  has  greatly  stimulated  juvenile 
crime.  There  is  no  way  of  estimating  the  cost 
that  a  single  criminal  family  may  be  to  a  com- 
munity or  state.  We  spend  pennies  to  prevent 
crime  and  pounds  to  suppress  it. 

4.    Community  Crimes. 

Can  a  community  commit  crime?  If  the  whole 
body  of  the  people,  or  a  large  section  of  it,  do  an 
act  is  it  a  crime  ?  We  employ  the  term  "  law- 
lessness "  rather  than  crime  in  such  cases.  But 
we  deceive  ourselves  with  the  euphemism.  No 
free  people  can  be  expected  to  endure  intolerable 
tyranny  without  an  effort  to  secure  justice.  In- 
justice can  be  placed  upon  the  statute  book  and 


128  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

become  law,  when  it  is  all  the  more  unjust.  Law 
and  order  may  mean  the  demand  on  the  part  of 
masters  that  their  slaves  obey  them  and  stand  the 
injustice.  The  courts  have  sometimes  been  on 
the  side  of  injustice,  not  on  that  of  righteous- 
ness. Judges  sometimes  set  aside  good  laws  in 
the  interest  of  intolerant  groups  of  citizens.  Cor- 
poration lawyers  are  sometimes  expected  to 
break  laws  for  the  suppression  of  wrong  prac- 
tices by  the  corporation.  Labour  unions  must 
be  granted  the  right  to  strike  against  real  wrong 
provided  the  rights  of  the  community  are  re- 
spected and  the  strikers  do  not  make  criminals 
of  themselves.  The  "  walking  delegate  "  makes 
it  his  business  to  stir  up  discontent  as  the 
I.  W.  W.'s  plot  treason  against  the  government. 
There  was  real  civil  war  in  the  Colorado  conflict 
and  the  Federal  troops  put  a  stop  to  it  while  the 
country  was  horrified  at  the  situation.  All  this  is 
true  though  the  problem  of  law  and  order  is 
thereby  greatly  complicated.  There  is  no  solu- 
tion except  plain  righteousness  all  round. 

But  there  are  other  cases  that  are  plain  enough. 
When  a  community  gives  itself  over  to  riot  and 
pillage,  the  act  is  wholly  criminal.  Usually  the 
origin  lies  in  some  deep  passion  that  has  been 
suddenly  inflamed  like  class  interests  or  race 
prejudice.  When  both  combine  as  in  the  riots 


ORDER  V8.  LAWLESSNESS  129 

in  East  St  Louis,  the  result  is  lamentable  beyond 
words.  But  a  riot  is  liable  to  occur  in  most  of 
our  cities  where  there  is  not  too  much  respect  for 
law  at  bottom.  The  beast  can  be  aroused  more 
easily  than  he  can  be  controlled.  Cincinnati  is 
not  the  only  city  that  has  horrible  memories  of  a 
Black  Friday  or  of  some  other  black  day  in  its 
history.  At  such  times  people  lose  self-control 
and  are  momentarily  insane,  one  must  say. 

There  are  still  apologists  for  lynching,  at  least 
in  cases  of  the  white  women  violated  by  negro 
men.  But  most  of  the  lynchings  are  not  for 
this  cause.  Most  of  them  are  blind  race  hatred 
stirred  by  this  or  that  act  of  violence.  The  prov- 
ocation is  often  great  and  the  courts  are  often 
slow  and  conviction  is  not  always  certain.  There 
is  beside  the  shame  to  the  woman  who  has  to 
testify  in  court.  It  is  argued  that  the  negro 
must  be  terrified  and  so  he  is  sometimes  burned 
alive  to  create  fright  and  so  prevent  the  repeti- 
tion of  the  crime.  But  crime  on  the  part  of  the 
community  does  not  stop  crime  on  the  part  of 
the  individual.  The  South  still  leads  the  country 
in  the  number  of  lynchings  each  year  though  it 
is  gratifying  to  note  that  the  number  is  decreas- 
ing. Public  opinion  is  asserting  itself  more  de- 
cidedly against  the  crime  and  the  criminal  ele- 
ment among  the  negroes  is  decreasing.  It  must 


130  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

be  admitted  that  lynching  of  negroes  has  not 
been  confined  to  the  South,  but  has  occurred  in 
various  Northern  States  like  Illinois,  Indiana, 
Ohio,  and  Pennsylvania,  where  negroes  have 
aroused  race  prejudice.  But  lawlessness  breeds 
lawlessness,  crime  breeds  crime.  Lynch  law  is 
no  law  at  all,  but  a  community  crime.  In  some 
instances  the  leaders  of  the  mob  have  been 
brought  to  punishment.  It  is  no  less  a  crime 
because  a  body  of  citizens  join  in  it.  This  stain 
must  be  wiped  off  before  we  can  claim  to  be 
censors  of  the  sins  of  others.  The  least  that  we 
can  do  is  to  see  that  the  law  against  all  criminals 
is  enforced. 

5.    National  Crimes. 

There  are  those  who  say  that  the  State  can  do 
no  wrong.  This  is  the  creed  of  the  German  Junk- 
ers who  have  plunged  the  world  into  ruin.  They 
boldly  assert  that  the  State  is  a  law  unto  itself 
and  is  above  all  morality  and  all  law.  This  hor- 
rible doctrine  is  responsible  for  the  inhuman  war 
that  has  engulfed  the  world.  Belgium  stood  in 
the  lion's  path.  The  law  of  the  Jungle  was  in- 
voked and  Belgium  was  seized  for  being  in  the 
way  of  the  lion  in  his  effort  to  get  at  France. 
Even  as  these  words  are  written  the  Belgians 
are  back  in  their  own  cities  and  the  Germans 


OEDEE  V8.  LAWLESSNESS  131 

are  ruled  by  Socialists.  It  was  a  great  day  when 
heroic  Albert  and  his  Queen  reentered  their 
capital.  The  "scrap  of  paper"  will  forever  in- 
dict Germany  for  her  broken  faith  and  crimes 
against  civilization.  Germany,  by  the  confession 
of  her  leaders,  stands  convicted  of  murder  and 
rape  and  lying  and  plunder  and  violation  of 
treaties  and  stealing  other  lands  by  the  mere 
power  of  might.  The  Kaiser  has  branded  him- 
self as  the  world's  arch-criminal.  Germany  must 
bear  forever  the  stigma  that  he  has  put  upon  his 
own  land. 

A  nation  can  commit  crime.  There  is  such  a 
thing  as  national  righteousness  and  that  exalts 
a  nation.  On  the  other  hand  crime  degrades  a 
nation.  Other  things  are  unfortunate,  but  de- 
liberate and  premeditated  crime  on  the  part  of  a 
robber  nation  is  crime  of  the  deepest  dye.  Wars 
of  conquest  cannot  be  justified  before  the  mod- 
ern conscience.  Germany  knew  this  at  the  start 
and  persuaded  her  own  people  that  she  was 
waging  a  war  of  self-defense.  But  that  subter- 
fuge will  not  stand  after  the  rape  of  Russia.  So 
Germany  stands  in  her  nakedness  and  shame  as 
a  criminal  nation  on  the  rampage  for  plunder 
and  loot.  The  Outlook  rightly  insists  (Sept.  4, 
1918)  that  no  one  can  "  protect  Germany  from 
the  sting,  the  humiliation,  the  disgrace,  which 


132  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

by  her  crime  she  has  brought  upon  herself." 
To-day  we  champion  national  righteousness  and 
crave  only  the  privilege  of  doing  good  and  of 
being  free. 

The  United  States  District  Court  of  the  South- 
ern District  of  New  York  in  a  formal  trial  has 
decided  that  Germany  is  legally  responsible  for 
the  six  million  dollars  of  damage  suits  resulting 
from  the  sinking  of  the  Lusitania,  "the  most 
monstrous  crime  committed  on  the  high  seas 
in  the  history  of  the  world."  Judge  Mayer  de- 
cided that  the  proof  was  absolute,  that  the  Lusi- 
tania  was  not  armed  and  did  not  carry  explo- 
sives. The  New  York  Evening  Post  says  that 
though  Germany  may  "  wipe  off  the  money  debt 
she  can  never  wipe  off  the  stain  on  her  name  "  for 
this  crime.  And  yet  Germany  was  so  proud  of 
this  crime  that  medals  to  commemorate  it  were 
struck  off  before  it  was  committed.  Germany 
has  the  greed  of  conquest  in  her  blood.  Her 
goal  is  gain,  not  good-will.  Dr.  J.  A.  MacDonald, 
of  Toronto,  shows  in  his  Cole  Lectures,  "The 
American  Idea,"  with  great  power  that  no  nation 
can  achieve  a  high  destiny  to-day  save  as  good- 
will for  other  nations  actuates  her  conduct. 
"  Love  your  neighbour  as  yourself "  applies  to 
nations  as  to  individuals.  The  Golden  Rule  is 
he  only  rule  that  will  guarantee  stability  to  a 


OBDER  VS.  LAWLESSNESS  133 

nation.  All  the  nations  that  set  God  to  one  side 
have  disappeared.  All  nations  that  put  selfish 
aggrandizement  above  good-will  have  themselves 
become  the  victims  of  the  antagonisms  that  were 
aroused.  To-day  Germany  laments  defeat  most 
of  all  because  she  has  no  friends  on  the  earth. 
She  is  hated  by  all  and  loved  by  none.  She 
dreads  the  years  that  are  to  come  when  she  must 
reap  the  harvest  from  her  national  crimes. 

"  Better  war,  we  say  from  our  hearts,  than  the 
tame  acquiescence  in  the  claim  of  the  German 
militarism  to  dominate  the  world.  .  .  .  But 
we  shall  be  more  than  conquerors  if  we  can  exor- 
cise the  demon  of  militarism  from  the  German 
mind  and  soul,  for  Germany  in  her  humiliation 
will  learn  to  take  her  true  place  among  the  fel- 
lowship of  the  nations"  (Sir  W.  Robertson 
Nicoll,  "  Prayer  in  War  Time,"  pp.  35, 38).  A  de- 
feated Germany  that  stands  at  bay  with  drawn 
sword  will  find  that  the  rest  of  the  world  will 
treat  her  as  a  pariah,  as  a  political  Ishmaelite. 
If  Germany  lifts  her  hand  still  against  every  man 
who*  will  not  own  her  as  lord,  she  will  find  the 
hand  of  every  man  lifted  against  her.  The  na- 
tions will  then  go  on  building  the  walls  of  civiliza- 
tion like  Nehemiah  and  his  men  with  sword  in 
one  hand  and  trowel  in  the  other.  But  the  walls 
will  be  built. 


XI 
PATRIOTISM  VS.  PACIFISM 

"  Honour  all  men.     Love  the  brotherhood.     Fear  God. 
Honour  the  King." — i  Pet.  2  :  if. 

i.     The  Pacifist. 

WORDS  stick  like  burrs.  The  diction- 
aries do  not  yet  give  the  word  pacifist, 
but  they  will  have  it  The  word  is 
innocent  enough  in  origin  and  essential  meaning. 
It  describes  one  who  loves  peace  as  opposed  to 
the  militarist.  It  includes  philosophical  ration- 
alists like  Buckle,  Comte,  Mozley,  Rousseau, 
Bertrand  Russell,  Spencer ;  Jewish  leaders  like 
Felix  Adler,  Jean  de  Bloch,  and  Jacob  Schiff ; 
Christians  like  William  Jennings  Bryan,  William 
Ellery  Channing,  George  Fox,  Tolstoi,  and 
Wicliff.  But  the  word  has  been  used  as  a  cloak 
to  hide  slackers,  pro-Germans,  even  spies  and 
traitors  in  world  war,  till  it  has  lost  its  etymolog- 
ical sense  and  is  lost  beyond  redemption.  No 
man  in  the  United  States  can  to-day,  even  now 
that  peace  has  come,  affirm  that  he  is  a  pacifist 
without  explanation,  unless  he  is  willing  to  be 

'34 


PATRIOTISM  VS.  PACIFISM  135 

considered  disloyal  to  his  country.  One  can  re- 
spect the  Quakers  who  have  long  had  religious 
scruples  about  war  who  are  yet  willing  to  help 
the  government  in  other  ways  to  win  the  war  if 
not  compelled  to  bear  arms.  But  those  who 
suddenly  became  professional  pacifists  were  open 
to  the  suspicious  charge  of  trying  to  escape  the 
perils  of  war  to  save  their  own  precious  lives 
like  the  cowards  that  they  are  or  of  seeking  to 
hinder  the  government  in  its  war  work  like  the 
traitors  that  they  are  at  heart.  It  is  curious  how 
many  men  all  at  once  became  conscientious  ob- 
jectors to  war,  or  wished  to  get  married  with  the 
hope  of  hiding  behind  a  woman's  skirt.  "  It  is 
but  brazen  effrontery  for  a  little  group  in  such  a 
nation  as  this  to  claim  the  monopoly  of  con- 
science and  when  the  claim  is  expressed  it  is 
folly  upon  the  part  of  the  majority  to  recognize 
or  yield  to  it "  (Bishop  Wilson,  "  America — Here 
and  Over  There,"  p.  63).  The  government 
rounded  up  seventy  thousand  slackers  who  es- 
caped the  draft  for  men  from  twenty-one  to 
thirty-one.  During  the  Revolutionary  War  it  is 
estimated  that  one-third  of  the  Colonists  were 
Tories,  one-third  were  indifferent  slackers  and 
one-third  Loyalists  who  won  independence  for 
all.  Under  Woodrow  Wilson's  leadership  the 
number  of  slackers  and  pacifists  was  really  small 


136  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

in  comparison  with  the  great  body  of  the  people. 
There  were  cowards  during  the  Civil  War.  A 
Southern  woman  told  her  pastor  that  her  hus- 
band stained  his  tongue  with  a  weed  to  make 
himself  look  sick  so  as  to  escape  conscription. 
She  found  herself  married  to  a  coward. 

There  wereslackers  in  Nehemiah's  day  :  "  And 
next  unto  them  the  Tekoites  repaired ;  but  then- 
nobles  put  not  their  necks  to  the  work  of  their 
Lord "  (Neh.  3  : 5).  Patriotism  is  like  piety. 
"  When  thou  shalt  vow  a  vow  unto  the  Lord  thy 
God,  thou  shalt  not  slack  to  pay  it"  (Deut. 
23:  21).  Some  are  slackers  with  their  money 
and  try  to  dodge  the  war  taxes  or  are  guilty  of 
war-profiteering.  "  Pikerism  "  is  the  name  given 
to  dollar  slacking  and  it  will  stick. 

In  Jeremiah's  day  the  professional  pacifist 
flourished :  "  They  have  healed  also  the  heart  of 
my  people  slightly,  saying,  Peace,  peace ;  when 
there  is  no  peace  "  (Jer.  6  : 14).  The  professional 
pacifist  is  the  modern  false  prophet  who  seeks  to 
dodge  his  duty  behind  a  fog  bank  of  pious 
phrases.  The  national  government  had  to  take 
seriously  the  loud-mouthed  pacifists  who  have 
really  carried  on  a  pro-German  propaganda  for 
the  purpose  of  destroying  the  morale  of  our 
armies  by  cutting  the  nerve  of  conviction  and 
courage  in  the  soldier. 


PATRIOTISM  V8.  PACIFISM  137 

*«  *Ti«  man's  perdition  to  be  safe 

When  for  the  truth  he  ougnt  to  die." 

Theodore  Roosevelt  demanded  that  certain 
pro-German  pacifists  be  expelled  from  Congress. 
The  voters  at  any  rate  gave  them  leave  to  stay 
at  home.  An  occasional  preacher  has  proven 
himself  a  misguided  leader  of  disloyalty. 
"  Since  the  witchcraft  delusion  over  two  centu- 
ries ago  there  has  been  no  obsession  like  paci- 
fism This,  too,  like  the  belief  in  witches  renders 
its  victims  insensible  to  moral  consideration  and 
impervious  to  the  affections  which  govern  normal 
men.  The  majority  of  pacifists,  less  sincere 
than  these  fanatics,  make  pacifism  a  screen  for 
their  cowardice,  their  indifference  and  for  their 
greed  "  (W.  R.  Thayer,  Harper's  Monthly  Maga- 
zine, June,  1917). 

2.    The  Peacemaker. 

And  yet  Jesus  is  the  champion  of  the  peace- 
maker, not  of  the  peace-breaker.  "  Blessed  are 
the  peacemakers :  for  they  shall  be  called  the 
sons  of  God  "  (Matt.  5  : 9).  War  as  an  institu- 
tion, offensive  war  for  conquest  and  plunder,  is 
wholly  evil  and  is  of  hell.  So  Jesus  said :  "  They 
that  take  the  sword  shall  perish  with  the  sword  " 
(Matt.  26 : 52).  This  lesson  Germany  is  learning 
to  her  sorrow.  The  paradox  of  Jesus  about  non- 


138  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

resistance  to  evil  (Matt  5  :  39)  may  have  been  a 
protest  against  the  wild  rage  of  the  Zealots.  At 
any  rate  it  must  be  interpreted  in  the  light  of 
Christ's  conduct  and  further  teaching.  He 
Himself  did  not  turn  the  other  cheek  when 
struck  in  the  presence  of  Annas,  but  made  digni- 
fied protest  and  demanded  a  fair  trial  (John 
1 8 : 23).  And  Christ  did  fight  evil,  the  devil, 
the  rabbis,  whoever  opposed  the  will  of  God. 
"  Think  not  that  I  came  to  send  peace  on  the 
earth :  I  came  not  to  send  peace  but  a  sword  " 
(Matt.  10 : 35).  The  pacifistic  literalism  of 
Tolstoi  ignored  the  fundamental  conflict  between 
light  and  darkness,  good  and  evil,  right  and 
wrong.  By  its  every  nature  Christianity  has  to 
resist  the  powers  of  darkness  or  be  overcome. 
Only  it  must  be  done  in  the  spirit  of  Christ. 
Jesus  and  Paul  nowhere  pronounced  the  life  of 
the  soldier  sinful  per  se.  Paul  did  say :  "  Be  at 
peace  with  all  men,  if  possible,  so  far  as  that  de- 
pends on  you  "  (Moffatt's  translation  of  Romans 
12  : 1 8).  That  saying  does  forbid  beginning 
aggressive  warfare,  but  not  defensive  war. 

"First  pure,  then  peaceable"  (James  3:17). 
Peace  is  a  great  boon,  but  not  the  greatest. 
Purity  comes  first.  Righteousness  precedes 
peace.  So  the  Christian,  under  the  leadership  of 
Jesus,  does  not  agree  with  Nietzsche,  Treitschke, 


PATEIOTISM  VS.  PACIFISM  139 

Bernhardi,  et  id  omne  genus,  that  war  is  good, 
glorious,  and  great  in  itself.  That  doctrine  is 
repulsive  to  the  Christian.  But  neither  can  he 
side  with  the  pacifist  who  says  that  all  war  is 
wrong  and  that  it  is  a  sin  for  a  Christian  patriot 
to  defend  his  country  against  attack  or  his  home 
against  a  burglar  or  his  wife  against  a  rapist. 
It  is  folly  to  be  blind  like  Jerusalem  over  whose 
fate  Jesus  wept.  "If  thou  hadst  known,  even 
thou,  the  things  that  belong  unto  peace  "  (Luke 
19  :  42).  Jesus  was  a  patriot  and  did  not  forget 
Jerusalem. 

The  true  Christian  wants  world-peace,  but  is 
willing  to  fight  the  world,  the  flesh,  and  the  devil 
to  get  it.  The  deepest  purpose  of  the  Allies  in 
this  war  was  to  end  all  war  by  a  League  of  Peace 
of  the  Nations.  But  this  League,  as  some  one  has 
said,  had  to  "  put  the  '  fist '  into  pacifist."  The 
rationalist  is  the  victim  of  philosophical  inertia. 
"We  see  now  the  immense  distance  which  sepa- 
rates the  pacifism  of  the  rationalists  from  the 
pacifism  of  Christianity.  Both  modes  of  thought 
seek  after  world-peace.  The  rationalist  and  the 
Christian  together  oppose  war  as  one  of  the 
greatest  earthly  evils.  They  are  both  pledged 
to  its  ultimate  abolition.  But  the  one  opposes 
war  as  irrational,  as  a  mistaken  move  in  the 
game ;  the  other  opposes  it  as  cruel  and  hid- 


140  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

eous,  an  outrage  on  humanity,  an  affront  to 
God"  (Faunce,  "Religion  and  War,"  p.  97). 
But  the  Christian  will  not  fold  his  hands  till  the 
devil  goes  out  of  business.  "  The  right  is  more 
precious  than  peace,  and  we  shall  fight  for  the 
things  we  have  always  carried  nearest  our 
hearts"  (Woodrow  Wilson). 

3.    The  Partisan. 

In  a  democracy,  party  government  is  a  neces- 
sity, but  partisanship  is  a  curse.  The  partisan 
is  for  his  party  right  or  wrong,  for  his  country 
right  or  wrong,  for  his  denomination  right  or 
wrong.  The  partisan  refuses  to  think  and 
follows  blindly  the  leader  who  does  his  thinking 
for  him.  Now  in  war  obedience  is  absolutely 
essential.  The  private  cannot  give  orders  to 
the  captain.  But  the  private  who  knows 
why  he  is  in  the  trenches  can  defeat  the  pri- 
vate who  is  driven  like  cattle.  It  is  just  this 
difference  that  made  the  German  battalions 
melt  like  wax  before  the  intelligent  following  of 
the  Americans  in  France.  The  new  citizen  after 
the  war  must  be  a  loyalist,  but  not  much  of  a 
partisan.  He  will  look  upon  political  parties  as 
instruments  of  service,  not  as  masters  to  crack 
the  whip  over  his  head.  He  must  use  one  party 
as  a  corrective  for  the  other.  Each  may  have  to 


PATEIOTISM  VS.  PACIFISM  141 

be  employed  to  turn  the  rascals  out  when  those 
in  power  prove  their  rascality  or  fail  to  come  up 
to  their  promises.  In  a  word,  the  American 
citizen  proposes  to  put  his  conscience  into  his 
politics.  That  determination  bodes  no  good  to 
the  mere  party  leader  whether  sincere  or  hypo- 
critical. So  in  this  war  President  Wilson  held 
the  country  back  till  Germany  had  laid  bare  be- 
fore all  her  wicked  designs  upon  our  country 
and  the  liberty  of  the  whole  world.  He  did  not 
wait  too  long,  but  long  enough  to  unite  the 
sentiment  of  the  country.  The  leadership  that 
our  country  will  follow  must  be  intelligent  and 
lofty,  but  it  must  also  be  moral  and  spiritual. 
Wilson,  like  Lincoln,  is  a  man  of  prayer  and  is 
not  ashamed  to  appeal  to  the  help  of  the  Al- 
mighty God  for  the  cause  of  righteousness  and 
freedom. 

4.     The  Patriot. 

Not  all  men  are  patriots,  but  all  ought  to  be 
"  stirred  up  with  the  high  hopes  of  living  to  be 
brave  men  and  worthy  patriots,  dear  to  God 
and  famous  to  all  ages  "  (Milton).  Dr.  Johnson 
thought  patriotism  the  last  refuge  of  a  scoundrel. 
Certainly  some  men  have  used  the  profession  of 
the  name  to  carry  on  their  own  selfish  purposes. 
But  there  is  a  dignity  in  the  man  who  offers  his 


142  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

life  upon  the  altar  of  his  country.  The  instinct 
of  men  to  revere  that  man  is  a  true  one.  Loyalty 
is  one  of  the  great  words.  Professor  Josiah  Royce 
calls  it  the  greatest  of  all  words.  Dr.  John  A. 
Hutton,  of  Glasgow,  calls  "  Loyalty  the  Approach 
to  Faith."  Certainly  it  is  a  fundamental  element 
in  character.  The  man  who  is  loyal  can  be  de- 
pended upon  at  home  or  in  the  trenches.  If  he 
is  not  loyal,  he  may  prove  a  deserter  or  a  traitor 
to  God  and  country.  "  Faith,  trust,  confidence, 
loyalty — these  are  the  foundations  of  the  stable 
social  order ;  they  always  have  been  and  they 
always  will  be.  Distrust  is  the  breeder  of  dis- 
loyalty "  (Washington  Gladden,  "The  Inter- 
preter," p.  92).  There  is  something  greater  than 
patriotism,  but  not  in  conflict  with  it.  It  is  love 
of  truth  and  righteousness.  •'  There  is  a  power 
which  surmounts  mere  nationalism,  mere  patriot- 
ism, mere  empire"  (Forsyth,  "The  Roots  of  a 
World-Commonwealth,"  p.  20).  The  true  pa- 
triot is  all  the  more  a  citizen  of  the  world  when 
he  recognizes  his  obligations  to  mankind.  Love 
for  the  world  does  not  contravene  duty  to  one's 
own  country  when  that  country  follows  the  lead- 
ership of  Jesus.  There  is  nothing  to  add  to  the 
sublime  words  of  General  Pershing  as  he  stood 
by  the  grave  of  Lafayette  and  simply  said : 
"  Lafayette,  we  are  here."  America  had  at  last 


PATKIOTISM  VS.  PACIFISM  143 

come  to  repay  her  debt  to  beautiful  France  that 
had  made  our  liberty  possible. 

Now  that  the  war  is  over  we  must  not  become 
spineless  and  flabby  in  our  patriotism.  It  is  no 
time  for  the  professional  pacifist  to  preach  his 
heresies.  Let  poor  Russia  testify  to  the  peril  of 
Tolstoi's  vagaries,  even  though  he  was  called 
the  "conscience  of  the  world."  It  was  an  un- 
regulated conscience  that  he  had.  He  thought 
that  he  was  following  the  leadership  of  Jesus. 
He  was  not  able  with  all  his  enlightenment  and 
love  for  God  and  man  to  make  a  clear  path  for 
the  peasants  of  Russia  whom  he  dearly  loved 
and  longed  to  help.  At  the  last  in  grotesque 
literalness,  like  the  mendicant  monks  of  medieval 
Europe,  he  left  his  palace  Yasnaya  Polyana  to 
wander  forth  to  serve.  He  met  death  in  the  way. 
Tolstoi  failed  in  leadership  while  trying  to  walk 
in  the  way  of  righteousness.  The  chief  need  of 
our  time  is  enlightened  and  courageous  leader- 
ship in  civil  life.  The  few  who  have  seen  the 
vision  must  bear  the  torch  for  the  rest.  Democ- 
racy is  on  trial  in  the  hour  of  triumph.  Patri- 
otism calls  for  patient  and  persevering  work  for 
tiie  progress  of  the  nation  and  of  the  world. 
Public  service  was  a  necessity  during  the  war. 
We  all  responded,  save  the  disloyal,  to  the  call 
of  country.  We  did  our  bit  with  a  will.  The 


144  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

call  is  just  as  loud  now  for  public  service.  We 
must  not  leave  the  public  welfare  to  the  care  of 
professional  politicians  who  have  fattened  on  the 
public  purse.  We  must  "carry  on"  now  and 
"  go  over  the  top  "  to-day.  The  Huns  at  home 
must  be  driven  to  cover  and  the  path  cleared  for 
progress  towards  righteousness. 

The  investigations  by  the  United  States  Senate 
showed  a  curious  partnership  between  the  brewers 
and  the  German  propaganda.  Both  were  law- 
breakers. Practically  all  the  leading  brewers 
were  in  the  pro-German  conspiracy.  Some 
names  well  known  in  American  life  have  been 
besmirched  by  this  investigation.  Bribery,  like 
a  tortuous  serpent,  wound  its  coils  around  men 
in  high  position  who  were  ready  to  do  the 
Kaiser's  bidding. 


XII 
THE  NEW  SOCIAL  ORDER 

"  We  are  a  Colony  of  Heaven." — Moffatfs  Translation 
of  Philippians  j  .•  20. 

THERE  will  be  a  new  social  order  and 
this  war  will  be  used  of  God  to  help  it 
come  nearer  to  reality.  That  is  God's 
way  to  make  the  wrath  of  man  praise  Him.  The 
new  world  will  not  be  the  Kaiser's  world  with 
his  palace  on  the  Mount  of  Olives,  but  Christ's 
world  with  His  throne  in  the  hearts  of  men.  The 
Kingdom  of  God  has  never  been  rightly  under- 
stood by  men.  Probably  it  cannot  be  because 
of  the  complexity  of  the  conception.  Some  take 
it  to  be  wholly  otherworldly  with  no  reference  to 
earth  at  all.  Others  take  it  to  be  purely  political 
with  no  spiritual  content.  Some  make  it  wholly 
personal,  while  others  consider  it  entirely  social. 
Some  treat  it  as  wholly  future,  while  others  find 
it  partly  present.  Some  find  it  realized  only  in 
a  national  church  organization,  while  others 
deny  that  it  has  any  reference  to  organization  of 
any  kind.  The  truth  is  that  something  can  be 

'45 


146  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

said  for  most  of  these  ideas.  No  one  of  them 
exhausts  the  uses  of  the  phrase  in  the  New 
Testament 

x.    Personal  Righteousness. 

This  is  the  first  result,  the  sine  qua  non  of 
human  progress.  "  But  seek  ye  first  his  king- 
dom and  his  righteousness ;  and  all  these 
things  shall  be  added  unto  you  "  (Matt.  6  : 33). 
The  first  thing  in  the  program  of  the  individual 
life  must  be  the  reign  of  God  in  the  heart.  This 
makes  possible  personal  goodness  after  the 
pattern  of  God's  own  standard.  This  is  the 
summum  bonum,  the  highest  good  possible  to 
mortal  man,  the  pearl  of  great  price,  the  hid 
treasure  that  gives  unutterable  joy.  Jesus  held 
forth  the  absolute  standard,  "  Ye  therefore  shall 
be  perfect,  as  your  Heavenly  Father  is  perfect " 
(Mark  5  : 48).  This  personal  relation  with  God 
in  Christ  is  the  secret  of  human  goodness. 
Christ  becomes  the  dynamo  that  energizes  the 
dormant  will  and  draws  the  man  on  and  up  to 
God.  It  will  never  do  for  the  prophets  of  the 
new  age  who  dream  of  a  new  order  to  overlook 
the  fundamental  fact  of  personal  righteousness. 
No  glorious  State  can  be  built  out  of  wicked  citi- 
zens. It  is  here  that  Christianity  does  most  for 
the  State  in  the  work  of  the  regeneration  of  the 


THE  NEW  SOCIAL  ORDEB  147 

citizens.  One  may  well  listen  to  the  prophets  of 
old  who  called  Israel  to  repentance  and  to  right- 
eousness. Let  each  man  build  the  wall  over 
against  his  own  house. 

Washington  Gladden's  last  message  is  in 
"The  Interpreter,"  and  on  page  145  he  says: 
"  I  have  never  doubted  that  the  Kingdom  I  have 
always  prayed  for  is  coming ;  that  the  Gospel  I 
have  always  preached  is  true.  I  believe  that  the 
democracy  is  getting  a  new  heart,  and  a  new 
spirit,  that  the  nation  is  being  saved.  It  is  not 
yet  saved  and  its  salvation  depends  on  you  and 
me,  but  it  is  being  saved.  There  are  signs  that 
a  New  Way  of  thinking,  a  new  social  conscious" 
ness,  are  taking  possession  of  the  nation."  He 
is  undoubtedly  correct  and  the  chief  ground  for 
this  hope  lies  in  the  demand  for  righteousness  in 
citizens  and  in  rulers.  The  days  of  looseness 
are  gone.  It  does  make  a  difference  whether  a 
soldier  is  clean  or  not.  Uncle  Sam  has  found 
that  out.  Hence  the  saloon  must  go,  gambling 
must  stop,  the  brothel  and  the  street-walker  must 
disappear.  The  American  soldier  must  be  fit  to 
fight.  The  American  citizen  must  be  fit  to  live. 
Mr.  Croly  in  the  "  Promise  of  American  Life " 
(p.  454)  writes  like  a  prophet  for  the  new  age. 
"  For  better  or  worse,  democracy  cannot  be  dis- 
entangled from  an  aspiration  towards  human 


148  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

perfectibility,  and  hence  from  the  adoption  of 
measures  looking  in  the  direction  of  realizing 
such  an  aspiration."  This  perfectibility  must 
find  expression  in  individuals  who  will  be  heroes 
and  models  for  the  masses.  "If  a  noble  and 
civilized  democracy  is  to  subsist,  the  common 
citizen  must  be  something  of  a  saint  and  some- 
thing of  a  hero  "  (George  Santayana,  "  Reason 
in  Society  ").  But  we  must  begin  with  the  young 
if  that  ideal  is  to  be  reached.  "  The  youth  of  a 
nation  is  at  once  its  present  power  and  its  future 
hope.  The  ideals  of  the  student  to-day  are  the 
activities  of  humanity  to-morrow "  (Thwing, 
"The  Training  of  Young  Men,"  p.  88).  The 
family,  the  church,  the  school  must  function 
properly  if  the  right  sort  of  leadership  is  to  ap- 
pear in  the  democracy. 

2.    National  Righteousness. 

Jesus  Himself  likened  the  Kingdom  of  Heaven 
to  a  grain  of  mustard  seed  that  grew  into  a  great 
tree  and  to  a  little  leaven  that  spread  through  all 
the  meal.  The  pervasive  power  of  the  Kingdom 
of  God  is  not  less  true  than  its  secret  and  myste- 
rious growth  in  the  individual  life.  The  King- 
dom of  God  in  the  heart  and  life  is  the  organism 
of  spiritual  life  that  transforms  character  and 
destiny.  In  the  community  it  changes  the  at- 


THE  NEW  SOCIAL  OEDEE  149 

mosphere  and  blesses  all  who  come  within  its 
sway  like  sunshine  that  drives  away  darkness  and 
disease.  The  tares  will  not  all  be  rooted  out  till 
the  consummation  of  the  age,  for  the  devil  is 
busy  sowing  seed  in  the  world,  but  the  wheat 
will  grow  in  spite  of  the  tares.  The  eternal  con- 
flict between  light  and  darkness,  truth  and  right- 
eousness will  go  on.  The  nation  cannot  remain 
indifferent,  for  its  very  existence  depends  on 
living  up  with  the  forces  that  make  for  right- 
eousness. The  spirit  of  human  brotherhood 
must  become  a  national  possession  before  great 
progress  will  be  made.  Dr.  Walter  Rauschen- 
busch  was  a  brave  spirit  and  did  much  to  make 
men  in  this  country  see  that  Christianity  had  a 
great  part  to  play  in  the  task  of  national  regen- 
eration that  was  bound  to  come.  So  he  wrote 
on  "  Christianity  and  the  Social  Crisis,"  "  The 
Social  Principles  of  Jesus,"  "  Christianizing  the 
Social  Order,"  and  similar  topics  with  great  pas- 
sion and  power.  At  times  one  suspects  that  he 
almost  merged  Christianity  into  the  "  New  So- 
cial Order "  at  the  expense  of  personal  experi- 
ence of  grace.  But  his  face  was  set  towards  the 
sunrise  which  he  thought  he  could  see  coming 
behind  the  hills.  "  The  fundamental  step  towards 
Christianizing  the  Social  Order,  therefore,  is  the 
establishment  of  social  justice  by  the  abolition  of 


150  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

unjust  privilege.  Logically  this  should  be  the 
first  step.  Ethically  it  is  the  most  important 
step,  practically  it  is  usually  the  last  and  hard- 
est "  ("  Christianizing  the  Social  Order,"  p.  337). 
Paul  caught  the  vision  of  the  power  of  Christ  in 
the  community.  "  For  our  citizenship  is  in 
heaven "  (Phil.  3 : 20),  he  said.  "  We  are  a 
colony  of  heaven/'  Moffatt  has  felicitously  ren- 
dered it.  We,  as  Philippi  is  a  sample  of  Rome, 
are  a  specimen  of  heaven  here  on  earth.  Our 
task  is  to  make  earth  like  heaven  and  to  do  it 
now.  "  Thy  Kingdom  come.  Thy  will  be  done 
as  in  heaven,  so  on  earth."  This  prayer  of 
Jesus  is  the  program  of  the  new  citizenship.  It 
is  not  an  idle  dream.  Socialism  cannot  repro- 
duce it,  not  that  of  Karl  Marx  in  Germany,  or  of 
the  Bolsheviki  in  Russia,  or  of  the  I.  W.  W.'s  in 
America.  Science  cannot  make  earth  a  new 
heaven.  It  has  taught  Germany  how  to  make 
Europe  a  hell  that  puts  to  shame  Dante's  In- 
ferno. If  a  new  earth  is  to  be  wherein  dwelleth 
righteousness,  it  must  come  after  the  pattern  in 
the  Mount.  The  American  people  must  be  will- 
ing to  follow  the  leadership  of  Jesus  and  to  try 
His  type  of  public  and  private  life.  John  Spargo 
('•  The  Spiritual  Significance  of  Modern  Social- 
ism," Books  and  Reading,  October,  1918,  p.  113) 
says :  "  Socialists  and  other  agitators  hurl 


THE  NEW  SOCIAL  ORDER  151 

thunderbolts  of  superbly  passionate  invective 
against  Churchianity,  against  what  they  feel  to 
be  an  organized  masquerade,  but  there  is  ever 
reverence  and  love  for  Jesus."  The  process  may 
be  slow,  but  it  is  the  only  way.  "  The  labori- 
ous work  of  individual  and  social  fulfillment  may 
eventually  be  transfigured  by  an  outburst  of  en- 
thusiasm— one  which  is  not  the  expression  of  a 
mood,  but  which  is  substantially  the  finer  flower 
of  an  achieved  experience  and  a  living  tradition. 
If  such  a  moment  ever  arrives,  it  will  be  partly 
the  creation  of  some  democratic  evangelist — 
some  imitator  of  Jesus  will  reveal  to  men  the 
path  whereby  they  may  enter  into  spiritual 
possession  of  their  own  individual  and  social 
achievements,  and  immeasurably  increase  them 
by  vistas  of  personal  regeneration  "  (Croly,  "  The 
Promise  of  American  Life,"  pp.  453-454).  Dr. 
Washington  Gladden  ("  The  Interpreter,"  p.  144) 
calls  this  great  book  "  the  most  profound  trea- 
tise on  Democracy  that  this  nation  has  yet  pro- 
duced," worthy  to  be  read  by  the  side  of  the 
classic  treatises  of  De  Tocqueville  and  James 
Bryce.  He  speaks  not  as  a  doctor  of  divinity, 
but  "  it  is  the  verdict  of  a  master  of  political 
science  "  ("  The  Interpreter,"  p.  145).  And  Her- 
bert Croly  places  Jesus  as  the  acme  of  modern 
political  science.  "  It  is  very  easy  and  in  a 


152  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

sense  perfectly  true  to  declare  that  democracy 
needs  for  its  fulfillment  a  peculiarly  high  standard 
of  moral  behaviour ;  and  it  is  even  more  true  to 
declare  that  a  democratic  scheme  of  moral  values 
reaches  its  consummate  expression  in  the  relig- 
ion of  human  brotherhood"  (Croly,  ibid.t  pp. 
452  f.).  The  world  though  knowing  God,  glori- 
fied Him  not  as  God,  neither  gave  thanks  and 
their  foolish  heart  was  darkened  (Rom.  I  :2i). 
"  Puritan  theology  may  be  out  of  date,  but  the 
Puritan  majesty  of  righteousness  cannot  die" 
(Forsyth,  "The  Roots  of  a  World-Common- 
wealth," p.  7).  In  the  new  social  order  we  shall 
have  a  nation  whose  character  is  grounded  on 
love,  knowledge,  industry,  and  service.  The  new 
citizen  will  be  proud  to  be  of  service  to  all  in  the 
State.  He  will  scorn  to  take  advantage  of  the 
State  for  his  own  private  interest.  He  will  seek 
not  to  rob  his  neighbour  and  so  to  enrich  himself, 
but  will  grow  along  with  the  rest  in  the  full  en- 
joyment of  God's  good  world  that  is  meant  for 
all. 

Germany  is  reaping  what  she  sowed.  The  na- 
tion that  threw  national  righteousness  to  the 
scrap-heap  is  now  gathering  a  harvest  of  indi- 
vidual corruption.  Recently  the  Lutheran  Synod 
of  Berlin  met  to  deal  with  the  dissolute  habits  of 
the  "  thousands  of  young  munition  workers,  male 


THE  NEW  SOCIAL  OEDEE  153 

and  female,  who  habitually  squander  their  high 
wages  in  riotous  living  and  immorality."  The 
F*ublic  (A  Journal  of  Democracy)  in  its  issue  of 
August  31,  1918,  wonders  that  these  Lutheran 
preachers  have  the  face  to  rebuke  these  young 
people  when  they  kept  quiet  about  the  crimes 
of  the  State.  The  youth  of  Germany  are  pat- 
terning after  the  State.  "  For  his  military  defeat, 
great  as  it  is  and  must  be,  is  as  nothing  com- 
pared with  his  moral  prostitution."  In  the  diary 
of  Dr.  Muehlon,  the  now  famous  ex-Krupp  di- 
rector, he  says  that  if  Germany  should  win  this 
wicked  war,  "  outside  the  new  Germanic  Empire 
no  German  will  be  able  to  show  his  face  .  .  . 
disdain  and  abhorrence  will  make  every  one  insist 
upon  being  spared  the  sight  of  a  German." 

3.    World-Righteousness. 

This  is  the  goal  of  humanity.  It  is  the  goal 
of  this  war.  "It  is  the  power  of  the  world- 
righteousness,  which  I  keep  saying  is  the  real 
issue  in  this  war"  (Forsyth,  "The  Roots  of  a 
World-Commonwealth,"  p.  20).  It  is  not  a  mere 
dream.  "  The  ideal  world  must  appear  in  clear 
outlines  before  the  actual  material  world  can  be 
reshaped.  Vision  must  come  before  reformation. 
Frederic  Harrison  says  that  mankind  will  not 
'  listen  to  a  religion  that  is  up  in  the  sky.'  The 


164  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

fact  is  mankind  will  never  listen  permanently  to 
anything  else"  (Faunce,  "Religion  and  War," 
p.  162).  This  is  the  reason  that  men  are  looking 
up  to  God  as  never  before.  The  welfare  of  the 
world  demands  that  the  nations  shall  practice 
righteousness  with  each  other.  The  days  of 
secret  diplomacy  are  over.  The  nations  must 
deal  squarely  with  each  other  in  order  to  live  at 
all.  Bishop  Gore  affirms  that  God  "  lays  it  upon 
each  nation  alike  to  make  the  most  of  itself  and 
its  resources  in  order  that  it  may  better  minister 
to  the  needs  of  all  mankind,  and  maintain  the 
universal  and  impartial  interests  of  justice  and 
freedom  and  peace  "  ("  The  League  of  Nations, 
The  Opportunity  of  the  Church,"  p.  12).  God  is 
still  at  work  in  the  world.  "  My  Father  worketh 
even  until  now  and  I  work"  (John  5:17).  Jesus 
has  not  drawn  back  from  the  task  to  which  He 
put  His  hand.  He  will  regenerate  this  world. 
He  will  make  the  Kingdom  of  God  triumph 
over  the  kingdom  of  the  prince  of  this  world. 
The  Master  did  not  underestimate  His  under- 
taking. He  saw  the  difficulties,  but  did  not 
shrink  back.  He  still  sees  and  moves  ahead  of 
the  race  to  inspire  and  lead  us  as  the  Captain 
of  our  salvation.  They  see  Him  in  the  trenches 
as  the  White  Comrade.  He  is  everywhere  our 
hope  and  our  God.  He  is  transforming  the 


THE  NEW  SOCIAL  OEDEE  155 

world  by  planting  love  in  our  hearts.  He  is 
still  at  work  in  humanity.  "  The  progress  of  the 
work  must  wait  upon  the  will  of  man.  It  cannot 
be  carried  forward  without  our  aid  "  (Washington 
Gladden,  "  The  Interpreter,"  p.  38). 

In  due  time  peace  has  come,  a  righteous  peace, 
for  no  other  will  last.  "  Out  of  the  agony  of  this 
world,  let  us  see  to  it  no  deformity  is  born — no 
militarism,  no  mammonism ;  no,  nor  anarchy 
either"  (David  Lloyd-George).  John  saw  in  the 
new  earth  the  tree  of  life :  "  and  the  leaves  of  the 
tree  were  for  the  healing  of  the  nations "  (Rev. 
22  :  2).  That  is  probably  the  picture  of  heaven, 
but  we  are  entitled  to  believe  that  earth  will  see  a 
foretaste  of  heaven.  At  least  we  can  all  do  our 
part  as  citizens  of  the  colony  of  heaven  to  make 
our  commonwealth  and  our  world  as  nearly  like 
heaven  as  is  possible.  This  is  the  new  crusade 
of  the  new  citizenship  and  it  is  worth  the  best 
that  is  in  the  statesman  and  social  reformer. 
And  more,  it  has  the  promise  of  the  blessing  of 
the  King  of  the  Kingdom  of  God.  Palestine  is 
now  free  from  the  rule  of  the  Turk.  May  liberty 
come  to  the  whole  world.  The  world  cannot  re- 
main half  slave  and  half  free. 

All  the  nations  are  facing  social  reconstruction. 
The  "  working  equilibrium  of  the  social  classes  " 
must  be  readjusted  in  the  interest  of  the  men  of 


156  THE  NEW  CITIZENSHIP 

brain  and  brawn  who  have  contributed  so  much 
to  win  the  war  for  democracy.  Great  Britain  is 
already  planning  for  the  day  when  the  wage- 
earners  shall  receive  the  justice  that  they  de- 
serve. "  The  United  States  cannot  hope  to  avert 
the  reconstruction  issue  and  it  must  not  again 
be  caught  in  the  perils  of  an  imaginary  security 
and  unpreparedness.  We  shall  no  more  escape 
this  social  revolution  than  we  escaped  the  world 
war"  (The  Independent,  Sept.  7,  1918).  The  giv- 
ing of  tardy  justice  to  the  toilers  of  the  world 
will  not  usher  in  the  millennium,  but  it  will  go 
a  long  way  towards  winning  a  hearing  for  the 
Prince  of  Peace  who  was  a  carpenter  in  Nazareth 
and  who  alone  can  bring  in  the  new  day  that  is 
coming.  Dr.  James  Stalker  wrote  in  1909  words 
that  have  received  a  strange  fulfillment :  "  But 
the  relations  of  states  to  states  are  still  on  the 
basis  of  barbarism,  the  European  Nations  con- 
fronting one  another  armed  to  the  teeth.  It  is  for 
statesmanship  to  devise  a  remedy  for  this  condi- 
tion of  things ;  and  it  is  a  shame  that  it  has  not 
been  found  long  ago"  ("The  Ethics  of  Jesus," 
p.  366).  If  it  is  not  found,  as  the  great  war  has 
shown,  modern  civilization  will  crumble  to  dust. 
The  tiger  that  has  leaped  upon  the  world  has 
been  subdued.  He  must  never  be  allowed  to 
leap  again  upon  helpless  men,  women,  and  chil- 


THE  NEW  SOCIAL  ORDER  157 

dren  who  have  the  right  to  live  at  peace  in  the 
world.  The  wolves  at  home  must  be  driven  to 
the  desert,  for  our  country  is  still  the  hope  of 
the  oppressed.  x- 


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